四评胡锦涛的“以人为本”〔下〕之三

<!–[if gte mso 10]> <![endif]–><!–[if gte mso 10]> <![endif]–><!–[if gte mso 10]> <![endif]–> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">必须重新评价五四运动和所谓的解放战争的历史意义</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">关键词:斯大林</span>&nbsp;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">政协决议</span><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">张君劢</span>&nbsp;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">一边倒</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8221;</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">政策</span>&nbsp;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">以人的尊严为本</span>&nbsp;<span style="font-family: SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">正义战争鍳别理论</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">解放战争的历史价值</span>&nbsp;<span style="font-family: SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">解放战争的开战时间</span>&nbsp;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">战争道德正义性的历史意义</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">四</span>&nbsp;<span style="font-family: SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">明面上的是毛泽东,实际上是斯大林,挑起了国共内战,其尽管取得了军事谋略上的成功,打败了蒋介石,但缺乏道义正当性。</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">历史研究大致可以分为史料和史论两个部分。近几年来,就对于己过去</span>60<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">至</span>90<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年了的中共这一段档案材料,尽管中共现执政者竭力封锁,现大陆近代历史学家们还是从己出版了的蒋介石日记、蒋经国回忆录、张嘉璈日记、开放了的国民党档案等一手资料中,特别是从开放了的原苏联历史档案,开始慢慢地腥悟过来,个别的人在中共党史的研究中取得了令人鼓舞的成蹟。在历史研究中常常出现这样的现象,即对同一件历史事件历史现象,会得出二种或多种不同的史论,这里既有占有的史料的缺失、不全的原因,而更多的是诸位历史学家们的研究方法论方面的原因所引起的。由于目前公开的材料己经足以能说明了,是毛泽东挑起了国共内战这一点,只要搜索一下谷歌,马上就可获得毛泽东的真实形象。故我们下面将重点放在斯大林和道义正当性这二个问题上。</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#9312;是谁领导了中国人民取得了抗日战争的胜利,在这样的问题上,为什么共产党需要一开始歪曲捏造,之后又强词夺理呢?</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;;">柳建辉于《中央党校教授讲党史》一书中说,&#8220;</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">在过去很长一个时期,我们的抗日战争史著作都说抗日战争是中国共产党领导的。后来觉得这样说不能令人信服,于是就不明确提抗日战争的领导者,只是</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">说抗日战争是在中国共产党倡导的抗日民族统一战线的旗帜下进行的。&#8230;</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">从实际领导作用来看,中国共产党和国民党则共同起了重要的领导作用。例如在政治领导方面,中国共产党倡导建立抗日民族统一战线,把全国各个民族、</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">各个阶级和阶层、各个党派团体团结到了一起,为抗日战争的胜利奠定了良好的基础。&#8230;</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">从纪念抗日战争胜利</span>40<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">周年开始,很多学者认为明确提中国共产党是抗日战争的领导者不大能说服人,于是就改成了中国共产党是抗日战争的中流砥柱的</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">提法,一直沿用至今。但是细细推究起来,这个提法也是值得斟酌的。因为</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中流砥柱</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">是一个文学语言,并不是含义明确的科学界定。如果说中国共产党是抗日战</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">争的中流砥柱,那么国民党是不是抗日战争的中流砥柱?中流砥柱是一个还是两个或多个?如果认为中流砥柱只有一个,只有中国共产党是抗日战争的中流砥柱,没</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">有中国共产党,中国就会垮掉,抗战就不会胜利,那就不符合历史事实,因为即使没有中国共产党,国民党也会领导中国抗战的,最后也会取得胜利的。因此,如果</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">说中国共产党是抗日战争的中流砥柱,也应该承认国民党是抗日战争的中流砥柱,因为它在抗日战争中也是起了重要作用,作出了重要贡献的。如果只讲一个,而不</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">讲另外一个,就显得不够客观,不容易让人信服。&#8230;</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>2005</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>8<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>15<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日,《人民日报》发表的特约评论员文章《中国共产党是全民族团结抗战的中流砥柱》所列举的六条理</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">由,有的也不怎么能说服人。&#8230;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;<span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">文章中的一些话,也说得太绝对,因而在网上招来了无数的帖子,有的甚至讽刺挖苦和嘲笑。例如有的说什么</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">你相信吗?反正我不信</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">;</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">爱吹就吹</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">吧</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">;</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">谁掌权谁就是中流砥柱!</span>&#8221;&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">喉舌在你手里,怎么说都可以,谁是抗战的中流砥柱,百姓心中自己有数!何苦标榜自己!标榜了,百姓就承认了?</span>&#8221;&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">时间</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">都(回)到了</span>21<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">世纪,怎么还在骗人!</span>&#8230;&#8230;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">可悲的中国!</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">(见</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">人民网</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">)。从这些帖子可以看出,并不是对中国共产党的功绩说得越大越好,作用说得越重要</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">越好,关键是实事求是,客观公正,让人信服。如果人们不信服,不仅达不到预期的效果,甚至适得其反,连整个抗日战争史都不相信了。&#8221;〔凤凰网历史〕</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">历史将会作出最终的结论,只有我们上面提出对所谓的&#8220;解放战争&#8221;的立论才是&#8220;实事求是,客观公正,让人信服&#8221;〔请注意,中央党校教授评论历史只有实践这一把尺度,因为我们的立论既有充分的历史史实,又有严谨的逻辑推理,还有精准的价值判断这三把尺度来保障的。〕就中国共产党倡导建立抗日民族统一战线〔主要是指以王明为名在莫斯科发表的共产国际</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">八一宣言</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">〕,进而得出的,中国共产党和国民党则共同起了重要的领导作用的推断。这在逻辑上,就无法&#8220;让人信服&#8221;。下面我们只需举作为</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中国第三大党</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">的青年党为例加以说明之。</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">在九一八事变之后,国、共两党都还没有提到停止党争、团结御侮的时候,青年党领风气之先,提出</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">国事至此,一切政见异同已成次要之问题,</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">当前急务,唯如何团结全国已涣散之人心,共临大敌</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">。</span>10<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>3<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日,在青年党机关刊物《民生周报》上发表《我们的主张》,慷慨言道</span>:&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">我们很诚恳地忠实宣</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">言,我们目前的忧虑,只有国难;我们的仇人,只是日本。我们在内政上一切政治主张,政治成见,都愿意牺牲。</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8221;〔《<strong><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;;font-weight:normal;">青年党党魁</span></strong></span><strong>&nbsp;</strong><strong><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;;font-weight:normal;">曾琦</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;;font-weight:normal;">国共之外</span></strong><strong> </strong><strong><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;;font-weight:normal;">哪些党派在抗战中发挥过作用》</span></strong><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">〕</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">袁柏顺在《关于中国青年党研究的几点思考》〔湘潭师范学院学报</span>,1998,(4):10-14<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">〕一文中详细介绍了<strong><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;;font-weight:normal;">青年党党魁</span></strong></span><strong>&nbsp;</strong><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">曾琦抗日思想的几个方面</span>,<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">并且从三个方面分析了这些思想的形成与发展</span>:(1)<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">五四前后</span>,<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">提出</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">排日救</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">国</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">。作者认为</span>,<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">曾琦提出</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">排日</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">是因为</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">认识到日本必将全面侵华</span>,<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">举中国之国土为其所有而后止。</span>&#8221;(2)&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">九一八</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">事变后,提出</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">政党休战,共赴国难</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">。并且列出了建立国防政府的五个步骤。</span>(3)<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">提出</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">抗日必胜论</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">和以民主求团结的抗战主张。文章还分析了曾琦排日抗日思想的两大特点</span>:(1)<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">提出早</span>,<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">基本始终一贯坚定</span>;(2)<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">以国家主义力量为基础。故若按中共的逻辑,抗日的胜利应归于青年党的重要的领导作用了,也轮不到你共产党的份!</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">其实,是谁领导了中国人民取得了抗日战争的胜利,毛泽东心里最清楚,</span> 1945<span style="font-family: SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>8<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>25<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日,毛泽东在美国驻华大使赫尔利、张治中的陪同下,偕周恩来、王若飞等到重庆,与蒋介石谈判。他下了</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">飞机就高喊</span>&#8216;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">蒋委员长万岁</span>&#8217;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,喊了三次,</span>&nbsp;1945<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>10<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>8<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日,国民政府张治中在军委会礼堂宴请毛泽东、周恩来、王若飞等人。席间毛泽东发表了演说,最后高呼</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">蒋委员长万岁!</span>&#8221;&nbsp;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">除外,在临行之前,毛泽东又再次高呼</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">蒋委员长万岁</span>&#8221;! <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">当面喊万岁,背后下毒手,这就是毛泽东的思想。</span><span><br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">现在,我们来讨论,是谁领导了中国人民取得了抗日战争的胜利,在这样的问题上,为什么共产党需要一开始歪曲捏造〔&#8220;蒋介石没有栽过桃树,要下山摘桃子了&#8221;〕,之后又强词夺理〔&#8220;中国共产党是抗日战争的中流砥柱的</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">提法&#8221;〕呢?关键的关键就在于,为所谓的解放战争的勝利捏造一个道义正当性。明明是毛泽东挑起了国共内战,但却要把它说成是,是蒋介石挑起了国共内战。但历史终究不是个任人打扮的小姑娘。历史家可以说谎,但是历史不行。</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">国际法在解决争端中有一条禁止反言原则。所谓禁止反言原则,意思就是不能出尔反尔。这又包括单方面声明和默认两种情况。所谓默认,就是说,当某种情形被通知或广为人知后,一方保持沉默可能意味着同意。从国际法院的判例来看,它支持禁止反言和沉默与不存在反对即为默认的原则。国际法上的禁止反言原则产生的首要基础是善意原则,要求一国不得采取与先前表示不一致的行为从而损害另一国利益;其次是一致原则,由于国际社会不存在一个超国家政府,保持国家行为一致性对于维护国际社会的安全就显得尤为重要。以上的话引自于胡平所撰写的钓鱼岛争端与禁止反言原则</span> <span><span style="font-family: SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">一文,只是将在原文中的&#8220;</span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">解决领土争端中&#8221;改为了&#8220;解决争端中&#8221;。因为&#8220;禁止反言原则&#8221;,本是古老的诚信原则的一个扩展而己,它不仅仅是国际法院裁决领土争端时常常采用的一条原则,也是国际法院裁决其他争端时常常采用的一条原则,也是一般国家的一般法院〔也许中共的&#8220;人民法院&#8221;是个例外〕裁决争端时常常采用的一条原则,这就要求争端双方不能出尔反尔。是谁领导了中国人民取得了抗日战争的胜利,在这样的问题上,毛泽东和共产党明显地违反了禁止反言原则,也就输掉了这一场争端,也在其记录上留下了不光彩的一页。</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#9313;究竟是谁破坏了政协决议。</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">若要全面的解决这个问题,那就远远地超出了本文的宗旨。本文只能以民社党为何参加国大,以及</span>1946<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年宪法是不是伪宪法,张君劢是不是战犯,这几个问题着手,简述笔者的评论。</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">民社党参加了&#8220;国大&#8221;后,民社党子敬〔</span>1946<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>11<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>30<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日〕发表了《民社党为什么参加国大》一文,写道,&#8220;究竟是谁破坏了政协决议,我们不必在此深究,至少不能专责于任何一方面。共产党的军队的进入东北,是否有助于实行政协决议的和谐空气,惟有待诸今后历史家的公断了&#8221;。&#8220;至于说,参加了国大,将失去了第三者调人的资格,难道说,看人家的脸色,把签名涂掉,就合于真正的第三者调人的资格么?&#8221;这里的</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">签名涂掉,就是指的&#8220;涂名事件&#8221;,张申府、沈钧儒、章伯钧听了周恩来的指责后,深感犯了大错,赶紧回去传达室在致蒋介石的信函上将各自的名字涂掉,张君劢听了后,曰,&#8220;知有今日,何必当初!调人如此下场,未免信人而己了&#8221;。</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">仅通过《民社党为什么参加国大》一文也许未必能完全解释清楚。那再例举几个史料。</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">早在组建国社党之前,张君劢已经通过笔墨和国共两大党作了数次交锋:在《新路》杂志上撰文猛烈抨击国民党的一党专制;出版《苏俄评论》,强烈反对中共将中国</span> &#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">作为俄国政治化学室之试验品</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">。</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>1946</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>10<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>1<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日张君劢代表民社党发表对时局之意见中说,&#8220;我们的内部分裂后,俄国拿华北做根据,美国拿中国南方作根据,因为我们内部之分裂,更促成美苏两国在远东的对立。&#8230;我心目中有如此一幅未来的图画,所以常有一种慄慄危惧之意,所以极力希望政府先行停战,再商政治问题,达到中国之团结。从统一的国大,议定统一的宪法,来造成统一的国家,这是我们民主社会党唯一的希望。&#8221;</span>1946<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>10<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>19<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日民社党发表对时局意见,认为国共双方不应因为代表的名额的多少以及一城一池的得失问题而爆发战争。</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">张君劢在《中国的少数党支持着现政府-致纽约时报函》中写道,共产党</span>1946<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年&#8220;不合作之心己昭然若揭,必诉诸武力而后快&#8221;&#8220;大多数人厌恶政府,但不就是喜欢共产党,两害之间,人民还是以为国民政府轻些。〔《再生》周刊编者按〕&#8221;</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">有两封公开信颇值一叙:一是</span>1950<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年,到印度讲学的张君劢看到冯友兰作于思想改造运动中的检讨文章,即撰《一封不寄信</span>&#8212;&#8212;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">责冯芝生》,批评冯友兰放弃了独</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">立精神;二是</span>1956<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年章士钊到香港,张致信对章多所关怀,同时对大陆有所批评,断言</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中共之政制既与俄同,其日后之发展,自不能逃出俄国轨道之外。试思</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中共统治,可以成为子孙万世之基业乎?</span>&#8221;</p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">此外在这里,有必要简要回顾一下张君劢的阅历、经</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">历。是张君劢首先翻译</span><span>&#8220;</span><em><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;;font-style:normal;">苏维埃</span></em><span>&#8221;</span><em><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;;font-style:normal;">一词</span></em><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">并为</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中国共产党沿用至今,张</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">君劢第二次考察德国期间,广泛会见了德国社会民主党的领袖人物和理论家,其中有考茨基、伯恩斯坦和夏德曼。这些曾经同青年时代的马克思、列宁的暴力革命理论进行过</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">激烈辩论的社会民主党人,给张君劢留下了深刻的印象,战后德国社会民主党组建政府治理国家的现实,也使张君劢看到了实行非暴力社会主义的可行性。张君劢在中国的报刊杂志上写了一系列文章,评论苏联和德国两种不同的社会主义模式,其中比较著名的有《中国前途:德国乎?》、《新德国社会民主政象记》、《立国之道》等。除此之外,他也反对列宁把被推翻的阶级排除在政治参与之外的做法,认为这样缺乏法律基础。他还试图从中国传统文化角度来论证中国更适合于社会改良。他说,中国人受儒家哲学的影响,讲究&#8220;中庸之道&#8221;,因此从民族性格上学,中国人更容易接受社会改良思想。</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">从以上略举的几点可以看出:在那风云突变的年代,张君劢以他一个哲学家、宪政学家的阅历、经</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">历、辨析能力,以他同意民社党参加国大这样行动,向时人发出他的衷心的告诫,其一,中国绝不能走苏联的道路,这是一条比蒋介石的一党独裁还要糟糕的道路。其二,是中国共产党肆意地破坏了政协决议,决意要发动内战,在斯大林的指挥下,抢夺政权。</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">其实,至少早在</span>1946<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>4<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月张君劢就己经看出了将会有一个中共不参加的国大。请看,就在</span>1946<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>10<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>1<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日张君劢代表民社党发表对时局之意见中说,&#8220;从宪草来说,在三四月中,五方面对于宪草问题,在宪草小组中所表现者,并无甚相悬殊之处,所以己经得到一致之结论。虽然还有一部分未能完成,但是百分之八十总算完成。未了一天,中共曾经起立说明,&#8216;这是一个记录而不是草案&#8217;,但是我们知道他所以如是说,便因为当时有在五月中召集国大的决议,而中共还未决定参加。知其有一个中共不参加的国大,而这份宪草拿出来,说这是中共赞成的,中共怕有这种情形,所以特别声明,这是记录而非草案。&#8221;</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">然而言者谆谆、听者藐藐,更有甚者,破口大骂,使尽了造谣诬陷之能事,其恶浊污秽至今未除。</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">南京大学有位叫丁三青的人,竟然对以上所例举的众多史料以及张君劢尤为重要的政治见解以及人品气节尊严性格则全然视而不见,拿着罗隆基撰写那一点回忆</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,拼凑上那年代的共产党派报刊上的谩骂,捏合成五、六条,什么民社党生态的困窘啦,什么张君劢的人格的分裂与异化啦,曹刿三鼓、一代不如一代啦&#8230;等等,成了其独创的张君劢同意民社党参加国大的客观主观原因探微,也能混取了</span>5A<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">成绩的博士头衔,如许水平,令人诧异!</span> </p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">其实,问题的关键,决不在于参加与不参加上,在民主国家的民主议会中,执政党与在野党成天都在争吵,如果你不参加民主议会,人们又怎么能知道你的政见呢?问题的关键,就在于,既然周恩来说了,蒋记国大通过的宪法是独裁宪法,其主要部分与政协原则相反,限制人权,总统独裁,是伪宪法,这里面似乎存在着这样共识,独裁是不好的,政协原则是控辨双方所认可的共识,那么周恩来就应该要提出正当理由,认定张君劢的宪草、宪法中有哪一个条款是错的,错在何处,会引起导致于独裁,应该怎样地正确地表达之,或者说认定张君劢的宪草宪法的整体设计上有什么样的缺陷,应该怎样地正确地修改之,〔诸如此类的问题请参考司馬涇〔孟泳新〕《民主中國憲法設計》和孟泳新《建立张君劢纪念馆,这是我的最大的心愿》〕,方能成就张君劢和中国所有有识之士所希冀的子孙万世之基业。然而周恩来和毛泽东共产党人却相反,在未提出一条正当理由,其实中共也提不出任何一条正当理由的情况下,用他的枪杆子来捏造了一个弥天大谎,国大通过的由张君劢起草的宪法,为人称为可以和美国宪法媲美的、是中国辛亥以来最好的一部民主宪法,是伪宪法。按《说文》解析,伪</span>,<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">诈也。可笑的是,八年后的</span>1954<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年,中共在斯大林的&#8220;建议&#8221;下出炉的&#8220;毛泽东宪法&#8221;,以及以后的</span>1975<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年,</span>1978<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年,</span>1982<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年宪法,</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;; color:black">事实上无论从哪个意义〔比如,宪政</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">精神、国家权力分立平衡与制约、政府权力的限制、人权保障与基本公民权利的保障,党法关系等等</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;; color:black">〕</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">在基本性质</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;; color:black">上来看,都是</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">缺乏宪政精神的文稿而己,漏洞百出,陷阱无数,以至于有人用三段法疾呼,&#8220;</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8216;</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">无分权,无宪法&#8217;,是为公理,中国一党专政(执政)没有分权,所以中国没有宪法&#8221;,毛泽东宪法从法理的角度和实施的结果看,限制人权,搞的是比蒋记独裁还要独裁的毛泽东独裁,中共的宪法都是些假宪法,那才是货真价值的伪宪法。</span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">下面再来讨论,是谁违反了政协原则的问题。制宪国民大会讨论宪草的蓝本来自当年</span>4<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月底根据</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%8F%E5%95%86%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="政治协商会议"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">政治协商会议</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">成立的宪草审议委员会审议版本,即</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%AA%E8%8D%89" title="政协宪草"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">政协宪草</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">。</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%AA%E8%8D%89" title="政协宪草"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">政协宪草</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">是张君劢依据</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">十二條原則</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,负责起草而成的宪稿。</span>11<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>28<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="國民政府主席"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">國民政府主席</span></a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3" title="蔣中正"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">蔣中正</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">将政协宪草以</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="中华民国立法院"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">立法院</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">之《中华民国宪法草案》名义提交大会审议。民社党代表领班人蒋匀田《蒋匀田,中国近代史转折点》认为,</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">一审会后恢复的宪法草案</span>98%<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">来自政协宪草,这不仅得到了民社党的赞许,并得到了蒋中正的认同。蒋中正明确表示希望该宪法为内阁制,他说</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">因为共产党现在</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">唯一的希望,就是希望我们在宪法中扩大总统和行政部门的权限,然后他好在国际上宣传我们的宪法是法西斯的宪法,借此来打击政府。各位同志切不可中他们的诡</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">计!</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">〔《蒋中正,政府对于中共问题所持之方针,</span><span>1946</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年12</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月9</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日》〕</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E6%9C%8824%E6%97%A5" title="12月24日">12<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月24<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日</span></span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">二读会完成,大会进入三读会阶段。宪草文字上仅有细小修改,随之大會三讀通過了基于政协宪草蓝本的</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="中華民國憲法"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中華民國憲法</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">。故讲,宪法从文本内容到审批程序都是符合政协原则的,是无可非议的。</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">下面请看周恩来如是出尔反尔,翻手作云覆手雨,欺诓世</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">人的。</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">张君劢则由于代表</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">国民政府出席联合国制宪大会,到〔</span>1946<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年〕</span>1<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>16<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日前才返回国内,参加政协会议。張君勱仔細傾聽各方意見,折中整合,寫出了一個妥協式</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">十二條原則</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,即對《五五憲草》提出了十二條修改原則。該方案提出後,</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">在野各方面莫不欣然</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">色喜,一致贊成</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,國民黨的代表孫科也不得不表示支持。當時,梁漱溟曾贊嘆說,這</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">十二條原則</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">是張氏</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">用偷梁換柱的巧妙手段,保全五權憲法之名,運入英</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">美憲政之實</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">。</span>1946<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>1<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>25<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日使得</span><a href="http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%8F%E5%95%86%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E8%8D%89%E6%A1%88%E5%86%B3%E8%AE%AE%E6%A1%88" target="_blank"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">宪法草案决议案</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">在其他小组之前最早达成协议。</span> </p> <p style="text-indent:14.25pt"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family: SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">当晚,</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E6%9D%A5" target="_blank" title="周恩来"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">周恩来</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">找</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%92%8B%E5%8C%80%E7%94%B0" target="_blank" title="蒋匀田"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">蒋匀田</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,提议请</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%B0%91%E7%9B%9F" target="_blank" title="民盟"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">民盟</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">的</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%BC%A0%E5%90%9B%E5%8A%A2" target="_blank" title="张君劢"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">张君劢</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">草拟宪稿,其实,不要说那个时候,就是说直到六十多年后的今日,充其量,中共亦找不出能与</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%BC%A0%E5%90%9B%E5%8A%A2" target="_blank" title="张君劢"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">张君劢</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">相比配的人选。恰巧,第二天国民党</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%8E%8B%E4%B8%96%E6%9D%B0" target="_blank" title="王世杰"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">王世杰</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">也找蒋匀田建议请张君劢起草宪稿。之后,蒋介石将国共不谋而合的意见告知张君劢,张慨然应允,从此他负责起草宪稿的历史责任。</span></p> <p style="text-indent:14.25pt"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">颇有意味的是,蒋均田曾回忆到制宪期间,张君劢与周恩来私下里的亲密来往。〔</span><span style="font-family:FangSong_GB2312;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">参见蒋匀田,《中国近代史的转折点》,页</span>53 <span style="font-family:FangSong_GB2312;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">〕</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">。</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">张君劢这番亲密中共,冷落国民党的月下约会天长日久自然引起国民党的强烈不满。而此时张君劢与中共代表的夜间秘密约会也出现了分歧。中共因为解放区的缘故,最关心的自然是地方自治一章。张君劢起草的原稿,并未有地方法官民选之规定。秦邦宪激烈要求地方法官民选,其用意显然是为了通过中共早已控制的地方选举〔</span><span style="font-family:FangSong_GB2312;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">参见:《论联合政府,毛泽东选集,第二卷</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">》〕来控制解放区司法。张君劢出于</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B" target="_blank" title="司法独立"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">司法独立</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">考虑坚决不退让。</span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;在這一過程中,還有一段聲色俱佳的插曲:某日,共產黨的周恩來跑到張君勱住處哭訴:你怎麼把國民黨的三民主義列入憲法第一條了呢?這樣我們還能有什</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">麼作為呢?張君勱不急不緩地回答:你有沒有看清楚?第一條是「中華民國基於三民主義,為民有、民治、民享之民主共和國」,所謂「三民主義」,這裡其實是</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">「民有、民治、民享」的「三民」啊!這三民不就是美國林肯總統的三民嗎?你有什麼好反對的呢?於是周恩來說了聲:「我懂了」,就走了。</span>&nbsp;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">有鑑於此,中共的周恩來後來對張君勱方案一直表示</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">佩服</span>&#8221; <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">。&#8221;〔引自于陈奎德《失蹤的</span><span>&#8220;</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">憲法之父&#8221;&#8212;&#8212;</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">張君勱》</span> <span><span style="font-family: SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">〕</span></span><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1948</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>12<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>27<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日,《人民日报》刊登了题为</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">陕北某权威人士谈战犯名单问题</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">的专栏文章,被提名者共有</span>43<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">人,即四十三名头等战争罪犯,曾创立了没有武装的在野党-国家社会党的党首、曾被周恩来赠与</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">民主之寿</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">牌匾,剛剛恭維過的</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">壽星</span>&#8220;&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">劢老</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">的张君劢被宣布为首批战犯,并言,&#8220;则是罪大恶极,国人皆曰可杀者&#8221;。 </span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">从严格司法用语来说,中共的&#8220;战犯&#8221;最多只能算是&#8220;战争罪犯嫌疑人&#8221;。按照现代国际法惩办战争罪犯所适用的国际法原则,</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;">第五条</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">原则,被控有违反国际法罪行的人有权得到公平审判。按照国际法、中华民国当时司法规则,举凡法庭的组成、司法程序、罪证的获取、等等都是有严格的规定。从民国时对陈独秀的审判中人们就可以略知一二了。而中共却对自己提出的&#8220;战犯&#8221;,就是到手了的以后,也不做公开审判,就不了了之。如</span>1948<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年曾任行政院长的翁文灏,假如翁文灏真是&#8220;战犯&#8221;的话,按理也应该先做公开审判,明确其战争罪犯犯罪的事实,之后给予特赦,这才是正道。而后来者,李宗仁、卫立煌也就都不了了之。被中共抓到了的战犯,杜聿明也未见公开审判,后被特赦。究其原因,惟有此理,即是毛泽东挑起了国共内战,毛泽东才是</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;; color:black">货真价值的</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">战争罪犯,不进行公开审判,可免除了尴尬。</span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">有位朋友说,&#8220;纵观张君劢的一生,他不仅没有半点发动战争的嫌疑,而且还始终是献身于和平、民主、宪政的斗士。如今重新翻阅这段历史,我们不知道他为什么会被定为</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">战争罪犯</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">?&#8221;〔引自于智效民《战争罪犯还是和平斗士?</span>&#8212;&#8212;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中国的</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">宪法之父</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">张君劢》〕充其量,毛泽东周恩来能够列举出的,惟有一条,张君劢同意了民社党代表参加国大。但张君劢本人则未参加国大。而国大只有一个议题,通过宪法。的确,宪草是张君劢负责起草的,那是蒋介石将国共不谋而合的意见告知张君劢,张慨然应允,</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E6%9D%A5" target="_blank" title="周恩来"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">周恩来</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">不仅找</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%92%8B%E5%8C%80%E7%94%B0" target="_blank" title="蒋匀田"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">蒋匀田</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,提议请</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%B0%91%E7%9B%9F" target="_blank" title="民盟"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">民盟</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">的</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%BC%A0%E5%90%9B%E5%8A%A2" target="_blank" title="张君劢"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">张君劢</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">草拟宪稿,而且在</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%BC%A0%E5%90%9B%E5%8A%A2" target="_blank" title="张君劢"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">张君劢</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">草拟宪稿的全部过程中张君劢与周恩来私下里的亲密来往,所有的草拟宪稿都是得到各方、包括中共的赞成,这是&#8220;记录在案的&#8221;。国共战争的发动与四六宪法之间没有直接因果关连〔四五年就己经开始了国共战争,&#8220;共产党的军队的进入东北,是否有助于实行政协决议的和谐空气,惟有待诸今后历史家的公断了&#8221;等等〕另外从民社党的党纲早就规定了,民社党不接受现役军人为其党员。没有军队,何来战争。罗尔斯在《万民法》一书中,提出的六项限制原则中的第</span>3<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">条中写道,&#8220;社会当中的非军事成员就不可能是组织和发动战争的人&#8221;。故讲,毛泽东周恩来指控</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%BC%A0%E5%90%9B%E5%8A%A2" target="_blank" title="张君劢"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">张君劢</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">犯有战争罪,是不能成立的,</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%BC%A0%E5%90%9B%E5%8A%A2" target="_blank" title="张君劢"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">张君劢</span></a><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">是无罪的。</span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">作为我们后来人,只有从张君劢本人作为一个哲学家、宪政学家的阅历、经</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">历、辨析能力,重要的政治见解以及人品气节尊严性格来,推断出他对毛澤東统治对自己生存会带来怎样的后果的判断。历史至少己经告诉我们,张君劢的判断〔使中国</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;作为俄国政治化学室之试验品&#8221;,致中国</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;自不能逃出俄国轨道之外&#8221;〕是千真万确的。张君劢的至交好友,因是否参加国大一事公开与张君劢作政治决裂的、为毛澤東誉为&#8220;北平和平解放第一功&#8221;的張東蓀,</span>1951<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年,竟被毛澤東以一种近似于莫需有的罪名</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">叛国罪</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">待罪家中。孰料文革期</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">间,在</span>83<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">岁高龄那年,未经任何正规合格的司法程序,难逃牢狱之灾,惨死于囚禁之中。胡适之子、唐山鐵道學院馬列部教師胡思杜自以为,&#8220;我又没有做什么有害共产党的事,他们不会把我怎么样。&#8221;</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">不愿意随胡适南飞,</span>1950<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>9<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月,因胡思杜以「大義滅親」的方式痛罵「美帝國主義走狗胡適」有功,</span>1957<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年被學院定為「向党進攻的資產階級右派分子」,后于</span>9<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>21<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日晚上吊自殺身亡。</span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">再举一个封从德的例子。在</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">六四</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">后遭中国政府通缉流亡海外的天安门广场学生领袖中,封从德最早与中国驻外使领馆交涉,要求回国接受公开审判,但二十多年来得不到任何回应。封从</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">德说:</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">我一直等着他们。他们号称他们的人权法制比美国好五倍,但怎么连我这样一个</span>&#8216;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">通缉犯</span>&#8217;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">都不敢做公开的审理呢?我的要求很简单,只要他们答应是公开</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">审理,我马上就回国去。我在中国驻巴黎的大使馆,中国驻美国华盛顿的大使馆,又在他们驻旧金山的领事馆,要求他们,书面的,他们都收到,不敢做任何答复,</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">这也表示他们极度的不自信。</span>&#8221;</p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">谢泳在《毛泽东与陈寅恪》一文中说,&#8220;</span>1955<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>5<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>11<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日,中宣部给中央打了一个报告《关于胡适思想批判运动情况和今后工作的报告》,这个报告对为什么要批判胡适分析得相当清楚,简单</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">说,就是胡适在中国知识界影响太大,这个报告同时还提到,除了胡适外还要注意批判的三个人,一个是梁漱溟、一个是张东荪,还有一个是张君劢。《建国以来毛</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">泽东文稿》第五册中收有毛泽东对这个报告的批示:</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">刘阅后照发</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">。刘是刘少奇。《建国以来毛泽东文稿》对中宣部的报告有一个简略的概述,按严格的学术规</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">则,本来应该将此报告原文附上,而现在没有原文附出,一定是编者认为报告中有不适于当时公开的内容。(详情见该书第</span>141&#8212;142<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">页)&#8221;其实,上述的四位之中,最难批判的要数张君劢了。笔者认为,在中国共产党所有的人,从毛泽东刘少奇周恩來,直到今天的江泽民胡锦涛习近平,再到几千万的中共党员,找不出一个人,能有胆量与文识,站出来批判张君劢的,批判的范畴可以从中国的宪政宪法直到张君劢的人品气节尊严性格。</span></p> <p><strong><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></strong><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">周恩來,作为中共的要人,难道连如此人间交往中的常识都不知道,在自己没有主动撤消通缉令的情况下,委托陈叔通,曾致函于张君劢,邀他回国参加国内&#8220;革命和建设&#8221;,被张拒绝。周恩来又派张经武欲见正在印度讲学的张君劢,劝其回国,又被拒之门外。这乃勸降之举呢!还是诱捕之措呢!张君劢还是毅然决然地选择</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">像当年魏玛德国的宪法专家及政党领袖赫曼</span>-<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">哈勒那样流亡海外。</span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;直至晚年,张君劢仍然只能一面呼吁对峙双方落实民主宪政,一面无奈地看着分裂的中国继续徘徊于民主宪政之外。在现代中国这场持续至今的</span> &#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">宪法拉锯战</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中,张君劢作为前期重要的参与者,直到他生命的最后一刻,仍如同一位</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">战士</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">般悲壮地进行着</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">一以贯之</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">的持续行动。&#8221;</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;在应对</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">这样一种时代和生活的挑战时,张君劢依据自身的性情、智识、身份与资历,毅然投身风云变幻的时代战场,作出具有历史意义的抉择,由此通过其意识、行动与组</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">织完成对于中国宪政史来说具有深远意义的一项</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">制宪事业</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,并为他本人在其难以预见的未来赢得应有的声名与敬意。&#8221;〔引自于张璟超:《制宪进程中的权力结构与知识人</span>&#8212;&#8212;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">以张君劢为中心的一种历史构图》</span><span>2012-08-30</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">〕</span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">文革时期的周恩来认为,中共本来不希望参加多党制的国大,他说,</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">我参加了旧政协开会以后,回到延安向毛主席汇报,刘少奇也在场,毛主席说的很清楚。毛主席说:这个和平,我们是拖延时间,便于我们积蓄力量,便</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">于我们训练军队。我们一方面要训练军队,一方面要搞好生产,第三方面要加紧土改,准备战争,准备战场。这个精神就把问题说穿了嘛。毛主席还指示,可以在政</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">协会议上签字,表面上说这个政协决定不错。〔《谈批评刘少奇,》</span><span>1967</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年11</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月29</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日《红战报》第15</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">号(广东省直属机关革命造反大联合总部主办)〕事实的真相就是,</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">是毛泽东挑起了国共内战。而毛泽东又是靠斯大林的奸诈才取得成功。请看。</span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#9314;毛泽东自认,&#8220;联共是世界共产主义运动的统帅部,而中共则只是一个</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">方面军的司令部&#8221;。斯大林的世界及东方战略和谋略的成功,这一条是优先于毛泽东的军事谋略上的成功。</span></p> <p style="text-indent:24.0pt"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1949</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>6<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月下旬至</span>8<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月中旬,刘少奇率领中共中央代表团秘密访问苏联。通过这次出访,中苏两党加深了相互了解,中国共产党确定的</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">一边倒</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">外交政策有了</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">实质性的进展,为中苏同盟的建立奠定了基础。&#8230;正因如此,《建国以来刘少奇文稿》以《代表中共中央给联共(布)中央斯大林的报告》(</span>1949<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>7<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>4<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日)(以下简称《报告》)开篇,并</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">将有关此次出访的十余篇文稿收入其中,成为研究中共党史、新中国成立史、新中国外交史的重要文献。</span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">由于这是一次秘密出访,在</span>30<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">余年的时间里中苏双方严格保密,不为外界所知。</span>20<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">世纪</span>80<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年代关于此次密访的回忆和文献才陆续浮出水面而引起世人关注。由<strong><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;;font-weight:normal;">《党的文献》授权中国共产党新闻网独家发布《刘少奇</span></strong></span><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">1949</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;;font-weight:normal;">年《代表中共中央给联共(布)中央斯大林的报告》解析》一文中写道:</span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;关于中苏两党关系</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="text-indent:24.0pt">&nbsp;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">首先,通过</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">报告</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">这种文体,已经预设了两党之间领导与被领导、上级与下级的关系。我们知道,只有下级对上级才用</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">报告</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">这种文体形式。在行文中,亦均以</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">下级向上级汇报、请示的语气来进行。如开头便是</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">联共中央斯大林同志:我们敬向你们提出下列报告</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,结尾则是</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">希望斯大林同志及联共中央对中共的工作和政</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">策,能够经常地不客气地给以指示和批评</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">。而在报告中,将联共意见当作</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">指示</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">的地方更多,如:</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">最近联共方面关于这个问题对我们的指示,更加引起了我们</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">的注意,我们完全同意这些指示。</span>&#8221;&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">我们以上的这些看法,是否正确?希望获得斯大林同志及联共中央的指示。</span>&#8221;&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">最近联共方面关于外交及对外通商借款等问题</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">对我们的指示,我们完全同意。</span>&#8221;&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">以上所提各项问题,希望加以指示。</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">如此姿态,意在表明,中共事实上就是遵从于联共的,现在即是在这样做。</span></p> <p style="text-indent:24.0pt">&nbsp;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">其次,《报告》指出:</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">关于联共与中共两党关系问题,毛泽东同志与中共中央是这样认识的:即联共是世界共产主义运动的统帅部,而中共则只是一个</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">方面军的司令部。根据局部利益服从世界利益,我们中共服从联共的决定,即使没有了共产国际的组织,中共也没有参加欧洲共产党情报局。在某些问题上,如果中</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">共与联共发生争论,我们中共在说明我们的意见后,准备服从并坚决执行联共的决定。</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">《建国以来刘少奇文稿》第</span>1<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">册在这段话下有一个很长的注释:</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">斯大林一</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">九四九年七月十一日在会见以刘少奇为首的中共中央代表团时,表示不赞成报告中关于联共与中共两党关系的这段文字,说:一个国家的党服从另一个国家的党,这</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">是从来没有过的,而且是不许可的。翌日,刘少奇将斯大林的意见电告毛泽东。七月十四日,毛泽东复电刘少奇:</span>&#8216;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">你们关于两党关系的那种提法,是因为现在两党</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">间没有共产国际及情报局一类组织,而现在又不适宜恢复或建立这类组织的情况下的一种实际上需要而非形式上需要的处置或态度,这种处置或态度,不要采取任何</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">文字的决议或记录,更不应当向党内外宣布。因此,请你们和斯大林及马兄商量,如果他们认为有必要的话,你们可以从书面报告中撤销那种提法的文字,但我们实</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">际上这样做,以利共产主义运动的发展。以上是否妥当,请斯大林及马兄决定。</span>&#8217;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">按照毛泽东的指示,刘少奇先后向联共(布)中央政治局委员、苏联部长会议副主</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">席马林科夫和斯大林以及联共(布)中央其他负责人作了说明。</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">根据这条注释,前引《报告》中的那段话,正是按照毛泽东的意见修改后的表述,其中</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">即使没有</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">了共产国际的组织,中共也没有参加欧洲共产党情报局</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">这一后置条件句疑为后来所加。但在译为俄文时这段话是否删去则需要再考证,在沈志华、丁明的译文中没</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">有这段文字。&#8221;</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">其实,我们还可以从金日成能够于</span>1948<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>9<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>9<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日成立了</span><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" title="朝鮮海峽"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">朝鮮民主主义<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;; color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">人民</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">共和国为例来证明,尽管它没有爆发如中国那样的三大战役,可以说,没有打过什么战争,</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none">金日成就凭着他那几把子枪,加上毛泽东给他的几个师就成立了。</span><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></a></p> <h1><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;;font-weight:normal;">&#9315;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;font-weight:normal;">毛泽东所采取的</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;;font-weight:normal;">&#8220;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;font-weight:normal;">中华人民共和国在国际斗争中,将坚定地站在以苏联为首的社会主义阵营一边</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;;font-weight:normal;">&#8221;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;font-weight:normal;">(所谓</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;;font-weight:normal;">&#8220;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;font-weight:normal;">一边倒</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;;font-weight:normal;">&#8221;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;font-weight:normal;">)政策的最主要的原因就是,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;;font-weight:normal;">毛泽东之所以能夺取政权,主要靠的是斯大林的世界及东方战略和谋略的成功。</span></h1> <p style=" line-height:16.0pt;"><strong><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></strong>1949<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>6<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>30<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日,毛泽东在《论人民民主专政》一文中,明确提出了</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">一边倒</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">的政策,</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">郑重宣布新中国倒向社会主义阵营一边。</span><strong> </strong><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">信力建于《毛泽东为什么要&#8220;一边倒&#8221;》〔</span>2012.12.16<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">〕一文中写道,<strong>&#8220;</strong></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">我们可以说,整个中共领导层,流淌的都是共产国际或者说苏联的血液,欲其执政后不向其政治教父</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">一边倒</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8221;</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">,岂可得乎?这种对共产国际精神上的依赖和血脉上的相通,使得中共在诸多关键时刻都很自觉很自然地倒向苏联。&#8221;&#8220;</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">现</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">在,官方对</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">一边倒</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8221;</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">政策的评价是</span>\'<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">一边倒</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8217;</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">的方针是一定历史条件的产物,是与新中国的国体相适应的,在历史上起过积极的作用。绝不能因为后来中苏关系</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">的破裂而对它在历史上的正确性产生怀疑以至否定。</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8221;</span><span> </span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">这&#8220;当然难以让人信服&#8221;。</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">信力建的《毛泽东为什么要&#8220;一边倒&#8221;》可以说是找对方向,但没有找到宝藏。这是有一点遗憾。在这里我们加以补充〔上面一段讲的毛泽东关于联共与中共两党关系的&#8220;报告&#8221;〕和点明。</span></p> <p style=" text-indent:24.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;"><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">五</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">用正义战争鍳别理论评判中共引爆的解放战争的历史价值</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>1</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">.引言,中共历史书定下的解放战争的开战时间是没有道理的。</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">王芸生临终前曾说,&#8220;毛泽东那句至理名句&#8220;枪杆子里面出政权&#8221;,应改为&#8220;枪杆子里面出独裁政权&#8221;。&#8220;三年解放战争,应改为中国人屠杀中国人的血腥内战。&#8221;</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">但笔者在这里首先需要对王芸生先生的第二句话作一更正说明,王芸生先生用的&#8220;三年&#8221;是不对的,这样才是真实的历史。</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">三年是按中共历史书的讲法,解放战争的开战时间指的是从</span>1946<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>7<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月起算。&#8220;</span>1946<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>6<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>26<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日停戰有效期剛過,國軍在劉峙、程潛的統率下,以</span>20<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">萬優勢兵力攻打在湖北、河南邊界宣化店被包圍的李先念部</span>6<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">萬中原解放軍,李先念率部提前突圍,史称</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中原突围</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">。按中共历史书的讲法,长达三年多的全国内战就此开始。解放戰爭從這時開始爆發。国民党军队仍称国民革命军,共产党的军队则更名为中国人民解放军&#8221;。应该说,以</span>1946<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>6<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>26<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日停戰有效期作为解放战争的开战时间是没有道理的。</span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">先来看一下,</span> 1946<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>6<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>26<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日停戰有效期的由来。</span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>1946<span style="font-family: SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>1<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">月初,在马歇尔的调停下,国共双方下达了</span>1<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">月停战令,以迎接政治协商会议召开。</span>3<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">月,随着苏联军队在东北撤退,国共重新开始在东北爆发军事冲突。</span>1946<span style="font-family: SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>4<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>15<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">日,中共在苏军撤走长春一个小时内突袭长春机场并占领长春,随后其紧随撤退的苏军占领哈尔滨,齐齐哈尔。随后,国共两军在四平街,长春等地激战,东北局势急剧恶化。</span>5<span style="font-family: SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">月下旬,国军在第二次四平战役重创林彪部队,从辽北全线追击到松花江畔逼近哈尔滨。</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">孙立人亲率新五十师渡过松花江攻取了陶赖昭堡,此时距哈尔滨仅六十公里,位在哈尔滨的中共党政军组织均已崩溃,并做好游击战且流亡苏联的准备,在孙立人即将攻进哈尔滨之时,受到马歇尔停战的影响被迫退兵。</span> </p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>5</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>31<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日,马歇尔写信给蒋介石,</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">称这事关系到他本人的荣誉:</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">在目前政府军在东北继续推进的情况下,我不得不重申</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">事情已经到了这样一个关头,即我本人的立场是否正直成了严重问题。</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">因此,我再次向您要求,立即下令政府军停止推进、打击、或追赶中共</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">。措辞如此强硬严厉,蒋介石不得不屈服,答应停火十五天。</span> </p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 6</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>3<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日,毛泽东被迫同意放弃哈尔滨,让部队分散打游击。</span> </p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 6</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>5<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日,一得到停战令的消息,毛至少两次发电东北追改部署:</span>&#8220;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">周电称,蒋已允马停战十天谈判,请东北局坚守哈尔滨</span>&#8230;&#8230;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">至要至要。</span>&#8221;<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">此时,在美国特使马歇尔的压迫下,国民政府</span>6<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>6<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">日下达了第二次停战令</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">。</span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1946</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>6<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>26<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日,停戰有效期剛過,國、共兩党的軍隊在中原地區(湖北、河南交界)爆发了大規模的武裝冲突,長達三年多的全國內戰就此開始。</span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">再来解释为什么说&#8220;以</span>1946<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>6<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>26<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日停戰有效期作为解放战争的开始时间是没有道理的&#8221;?</span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">由上述的经过看出,</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">国民政府</span>6<span style="font-family: SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>6<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">日下达了第二次停战令,这是单方面的行动。按惯例讲,</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">两个交战方签署停战协定,这可成为两个交战方下次开战时争辩的一个依据。故除两个交战方签署停战协定外,两个交战方还需签署和平条约,这才算战争正式结束。蒋介石</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">单方面</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">答应停火十五天,十五天过后,再开</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">战,那就不能讲</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">蒋介石失信了,违约了。因为这是</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">单方面</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">停火。</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">单方面</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">停火,在西方是很常见的,如圣诞节停火,复活节停火。正因为,</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">这是单方面的</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">停火</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">行动,既然称是</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">停火</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">行动,那就说明,战争早己开始了,就</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">作为解放战争的首发-</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">东北战场的战争</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">的开始时间</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">也得至少从</span>1946<span style="font-family: SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>4<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>15<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">日算起,</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">因为是</span>1946<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>4<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>15<span style="font-family: SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">日这一天,中共在苏军撤走长春一个小时内突袭长春机场并占领长春,随后其紧随撤退的苏军占领哈尔滨,齐齐哈尔。随后,国共两军在四平街,长春等地激战,东北局势急剧恶化。而</span>1946<span style="font-family: SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>4<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>15<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">日若算</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">为解放战争的开始时间的话,</span>1946<span style="font-family: SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>4<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>15<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">日这一天的中共的行动,</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">是不是合符于开</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">战正义原则?结论</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">是明显的。是共产党无端地、明显地、严重地违反了</span>1946<span style="font-family: SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>1<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">月国共及其他党派政治协商会议的精神和宗旨。</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">为了避开如此的尴尬,共产党只好改选了&#8220;</span>1946<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span>6<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span>26<span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日,停戰有效期剛過,國、共兩党的軍隊在中原地區(湖北、河南交界)爆发了大規模的武裝冲突,&#8221;</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">作为解放战争的开始时间,写入其篡改了的历史之中。而作为历史书上的开</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">战的</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">时间的确定,则可是关乎到历史战争观、历史战争是否正义等一系列重大的原则问题,中共将历史书上的解放战争的开</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;">战</span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">时间的如此篡改,这也凸显由中共所发动的解放战争是非正义的。</span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;2</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">.</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">论战争的道德正义性的历史意义</span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p> <p><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">论战争的道德正义性,自古以来一直是人们的一个热门话题。无论是一般战争理论道德正义性的判断上,还是个别战争的道德正义性以及与战争理论道德正义性相关连的问题的判别上,常常会出现争论不休、难分仲伯的局面。&#8220;</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">开战正义性&#8221;、&#8220;交战正义性&#8221;</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">以及&#8220;战后正义性&#8221;问题便成了跨越文明的经典问题。而有一大部分的战争又直接地关连到战后建立的政治秩序和政权,故战争的道德正义性又是直接地关连到战后建立的政治秩序和政权的合法性正当性证明。合法性正当性证明就构成了人类政治和社会生活中不可或缺的一个要素,而且每一个社会在维护自身的合法性正当性方面也都不遗余力的,可以说,人类社会的历史无外乎就是一部正义性合法性正当性证明不断建构和颠覆、不断开掘和转换的历史。</span></p> <p><span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中国现代历史上的解放战争的正义性问题直接地关乎到战后建立的政治秩序,建立了的中华人民共和国的合法性正当性的证明。</span></p>