美对华“建设性接触”共识瓦解

<em><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">今天,令美国人更加失望的是,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">尽管美中接触在经贸和科技领域取得了一定进步,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">但双方在意识形态上的差异完全没有缩小。</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /></em><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><div><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"></span></div><div><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"></div><div>&nbsp;</div><div><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">参考消息网6月15日报道 美国《华尔街日报》网站6月12日发表题为《中国能被遏制吗?》</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">的文章,文章称,美中关系已经失去战略政治理由&#8212;&#8212;</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">将美中联系在一起的共同威胁苏联已不复存在。</span></div><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">文章称,1971年,尼克松总统提出对华开放政策,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">希望借此将中国这个社会主义国家变为美国的外交伙伴,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">一个接受美国的价值观,甚至可能实行美式民主的国家。</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">今天,对许多美国人来说,看到中国挑战美国在亚洲的地位,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">这个前景似乎比以往任何时候都要遥远。亚洲问题专家白邦瑞(</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">迈克尔&#183;皮尔斯伯里)在其新书《百年马拉松:</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">中国取代美国成为全球超级大国的秘密战略》中写道,中国&#8220;</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">几乎让我们所有美好的期待都落空了&#8221;。</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>政策面临转移</strong></span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">文章认为,美国外交政策到了一个转折点,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">政界分析人士开始摒弃冷战时期的思维,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">讨论遏制中国政策的必要性。曾因受益于美中&#8220;建设性接触&#8221;</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">而坚定的美国政界对华政策共识已经瓦解。</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">自尼克松政府以来的历届美国政府,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">无论是共和党还是民主党政府都坚信,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">接触是推动中国自由化的唯一现实途径。</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">卡特将尼克松的这一政策传给里根,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">小布什又将这一政策传给奥巴马。</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">文章说,美国对华政策的混乱在最近几个月尤其明显。</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">主要学术机构和智库纷纷发表报告,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">提出从军事上退让到全面退让的各种建议,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">但这些建议的出发点都是相同的,即对现在的美中关系感到悲观。</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">亚洲人也对中国的行为和意图感到担忧。随着中国加强海军建设、</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">扩大舰队远洋航行能力并在领土主权问题上日趋强硬,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">美国的亚洲伙伴和盟友纷纷向美靠拢以寻求保护。</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">文章称,美国正在阻止这一趋势。</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">美军将把先进的作战舰船部署到新加坡,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">在澳大利亚部署海军陆战队,并向菲律宾派遣军事顾问,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">以安抚紧张的亚洲盟友。</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">而中国则坚信,美国正在寻求遏制中国的政策。</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">澳大利亚前总理陆克文最近在哈佛的一项研究中总结道,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">中国人认为美国的目的有5点:孤立中国,遏制中国,削弱中国,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">从内部分裂中国,颠覆中国的政治。</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">文章认为,美中已开始不再视对方为伙伴或竞争对手,而是敌人。</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><strong><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">遏华声音抬头</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /></strong><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">文章说,那么具体来说,美国应该怎样做?</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">在近来最强硬的一篇智库报告中,美国前副国家安全顾问、</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">小布什政府驻印度大使罗伯特&#183;</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">布莱克威尔和小布什政府国家安全委员会成员阿什利&#183;特利斯写道,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">与中国接触就是在加强竞争对手的实力。</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">两人提出,是时候提出一项新的大战略:减少接触,增加&#8220;平衡&#8221;</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">以确保美国全球主导地位的&#8220;核心目标&#8221;。他们还提出,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">美国应该加强在亚洲的军力、阻止中国获得军事技术、</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">加快导弹防御体系的部署并加强美国的网络攻击能力。</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><div><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">但对同为卡内基国际和平基金会研究员的迈克尔&#183;D&#183;斯温来说,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">这样做必将导致另一场冷战,甚至更糟。根据他提出的方案,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">美国应该放弃在东亚的主导地位,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">将东亚变为一个由达到平衡的众多力量(包括日本)管理的缓冲区。</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">所有外国力量都应该撤出朝鲜半岛。同时大陆应该保证,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">不对台湾发动战争。</span></div><div>&nbsp;</div><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">文章认为,但这样的解决办法即使有可能实现,也需要几十年。</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">美国约翰斯&#183;霍普金斯大学教授戴维&#183;兰普顿说,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">美中关系已经到了一个临界点。他在最近的一次演讲中说:&#8220;</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">我们各自的担忧越来越接近超过自双边关系正常化以来各自的希望。</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">&#8221;</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">文章称,今天,令美国人更加失望的是,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">尽管美中接触在经贸和科技领域取得了一定进步,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">但双方在意识形态上的差异完全没有缩小。现在,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">中国急剧转向反西方的道路。中国国家媒体严厉谴责&#8220;</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">外国敌对势力&#8221;及其在中国的支持者。</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">就连美国商界&#8212;&#8212;曾经在华盛顿最坚定支持美中接触的力量&#8212;&#8212;</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">对华接触的热情也有所下降。中国美国商会前主席詹姆斯&#183;</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">麦格雷戈回忆说,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">他曾帮助说服美国贸易联合会成员为中国加入世贸组织进行游说。</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">他说,这种一致的目标&#8220;从此就破裂了&#8221;。他说:&#8220;今天,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">他们都认为中国将损害他们的利益。&#8221;</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><strong><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">合作仍是上策</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /></strong><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">文章说,尽管对中国存在担忧,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">但奥巴马政府仍然非常愿意与中国接触。去年,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">美中就气候变化达成的重要协议就说明,合作仍有可能。</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">但双方的接触显得越来越尴尬。</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">奥巴马政府一方面试图维持美中接触政策,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">另一方面又在增加美国在亚洲的军事选择。</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">而中国也在采取类似的做法。不知道在有意或无意的冲突爆发之前,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">双方还能将这种局面维持多久。</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">文章说,中方提出建立&#8220;新型大国关系&#8221;的构想,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">目的是打破以往的模式,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">即一个大国的崛起对现有的大国构成挑战就会引起战争。</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">但美国拒绝了这一提议,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">因为它不愿接受一种不仅确保美中平起平坐还使美中看上去处于同一</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">道德高度的解决方案。</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">美中都不希望看到战争。崛起的中国仍然需要美国的市场和技术。</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">对中国而言,与美国的战争将是一场经济灾难。</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">老布什曾提出,美中关系的重要性使其不容受到损害。时至今日,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">这一判断同样具有价值。此外,寻求遏制中国将付出巨大的代价:</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">失去对方,美中都无法获得经济上的成功。遏制战略对苏联有效,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">是因为苏联经济实力薄弱,与美国几乎没有商业联系。</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">但今天的中国是一个经济大国,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">其军费预算的两位数增长是建立在雄厚和多元的工业基础之上的。</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">文章说,尽管如此,美国仍不得不面对一个事实,</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">即美中关系已经失去战略政治理由&#8212;&#8212;</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">将美中联系在一起的共同威胁苏联已不复存在。</span><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">文章最后说,与苏联对立是尼克松对华开放背后的驱动力。</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">但即使是尼克松也不确定对华开放最终会带来什么结果。</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">1994年,尼克松在逝世前不久说:&#8220;我们也许创造了一个&#8216;</span><wbr style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;">科学怪人&#8217;。&#8221;</span><br />