<div id="js_content" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 18px; min-height: 350px; position: relative;"><section label="powered by 135editor.com" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微软雅黑; -webkit-border-image: url("http://remote.wx135.com/img/stats.gif");"><section data-id="us43623" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border: 0px none;"><p data-id="86250" style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; 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box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体, SimSun; font-size: 15px;"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2017/Jul/7172017YYS2.png" width="549" height="354" alt="" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体, SimSun; font-size: 15px;"><em>余英时，1930年生于天津，祖籍安徽省安庆市潜山县人，曾师从钱穆、杨联升，当代华人世界著名历史学者、汉学家，曾任密西根大学、哈佛大学、耶鲁大学教授、香港新亚书院院长兼中文大学副校长，普林斯顿大学荣誉讲座教授。</em></span></p></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 36px; font-family: 宋体;">儒家是可以被利用的。传统的儒家，就是皇帝所尊崇的儒家，三纲五常的儒家，不许犯上作乱的儒家，这是传统的王权皇朝所推崇的东西。这个东西我们在西方做研究的人常常称它为制度性的儒家，叫institutional confucianism；这跟真正的儒家——有高度批判精神的儒家是不相同的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 36px;">中国历史上向来就有两个“儒家”，一个是被迫害的儒家，一个是迫害人的“儒家”。所以我们要严格的分清，谁是真正的儒家，谁是借儒家来得到某些政治利益的“所谓”儒家思想。所以这些如果分清了，我们就不用犹豫，我们还可以继续讲儒家，我们还可以继续提倡儒家对文化的看法，对社会批判的看法，以及怎样和西方的人权、民主、自由结合起来。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 36px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 36px;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/iadZOeNcDgk7NmoicHicbKicw8ia6RHhkgfqT15BlbIRiar8gJ6Oq6fTaW06wNvcfEMNZMY2XS2WSDaGh40ngeNYcjZA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.622" data-w="500" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/iadZOeNcDgk7NmoicHicbKicw8ia6RHhkgfqT15BlbIRiar8gJ6Oq6fTaW06wNvcfEMNZMY2XS2WSDaGh40ngeNYcjZA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 36px; font-family: 宋体;">有一点我要在这里顺便提一提，西方的自由、民主、人权、平等种种观念，作为西方的普世价值是怎么样传到中国来的？你若是研究历史追溯到19世纪中叶以后，你就会发现这都是中国儒家自己搬来的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 36px; font-family: 宋体;">当初最佩服西方这些法治、民主、普世价值的，其实是儒家。比如说薛福成，他就认为英美是中国三代以上才有的这个社会。所以康有为也就认为三代以上我们中国的制度是民主的，他把民主两个字用在夏商周三代以上的尧舜时代，那个时代不是靠世袭的，是传贤人的，谁做的最好，我们就选哪个人做领袖。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 36px; font-family: 宋体;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 36px; font-family: 宋体;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/iadZOeNcDgk7NmoicHicbKicw8ia6RHhkgfqTofuV3K0HwEsFFxaBcKe7jUAWhjYwHZYOniaV1mn02DIricGpbQvq4kDw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.7292490118577075" data-w="506" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/iadZOeNcDgk7NmoicHicbKicw8ia6RHhkgfqTofuV3K0HwEsFFxaBcKe7jUAWhjYwHZYOniaV1mn02DIricGpbQvq4kDw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 36px; font-family: 宋体;">所以我们要弄清楚，真正的儒家最初都是对西方现代的普世价值表示很高度的尊重的。比如说英国的法庭不许用酷刑进行刑讯逼供获得证词，这一点王韬（就是和理雅各一起翻译中国古典《十三经》的著名思想家，1997年去世）认为也是三代以上才能看得到（三代以后就没有了）的理想世界。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 36px; font-family: 宋体;">所以，换句话说，我们有儒家背景的人，对西方的普世价值是特别欣赏的。比如说陈独秀，陈独秀是共产主义事业在中国的创始人，可是他在南京坐监狱的时候，他常常说，他最佩服孔子的是有教无类不讲阶级的，他同时也佩服孟子讲的“闻诛一夫纣矣，未闻弑君也”，杀掉一个暴君不是杀君，而是杀掉一个最坏的坏人。所以这一类的说法他说中国的孔子孟子还是有许多东西我们要尊敬的，这是他在监牢里面说的，有记载的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 36px; font-family: 宋体;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 36px; font-family: 宋体;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/iadZOeNcDgk7NmoicHicbKicw8ia6RHhkgfqTiaX8Fcsbejy3SKgwhmtZpIx17LXCtmPibCR6uBLnDC5HW8CsUWg4YjlQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6290909090909091" data-w="550" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/iadZOeNcDgk7NmoicHicbKicw8ia6RHhkgfqTiaX8Fcsbejy3SKgwhmtZpIx17LXCtmPibCR6uBLnDC5HW8CsUWg4YjlQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 36px; font-family: 宋体;">还有一个提倡民主最有力的人——胡适。胡适本身其实是儒家的，胡适想做的真正最佩服的也是孔子，现在大家都把“打倒孔家店”这几个字放在他身上，这其实不是他的话，这是四川吴虞的话，他不过是附和了一句，他当然对传统的言论上有过偏之处，可是基本上你看胡适的做人是一个典型的儒家，所以在这方面讲，我们认为儒家的价值观跟西方现代所共同遵守的所谓普世价值是非常相合的，并不是处处相反的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 36px; font-family: 宋体;">另一方面你再看，西方的基督教或者天主教反对民主的观念也很深，所以这些慢慢都可以克服的，这个克服以后，基督教只有帮助民主的发展，不会影响民主的发展。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 36px; font-family: 宋体;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 36px; font-family: 宋体;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/iadZOeNcDgk7NmoicHicbKicw8ia6RHhkgfqTIzspCgAoeu6ibicmiaYvJ6ZUeN4ibyuAT1XJtkBu03UTkch3fshGUmB9MQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.6836363636363636" data-w="550" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/iadZOeNcDgk7NmoicHicbKicw8ia6RHhkgfqTIzspCgAoeu6ibicmiaYvJ6ZUeN4ibyuAT1XJtkBu03UTkch3fshGUmB9MQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 36px; font-family: 宋体;">所以我觉得儒家在大陆遇到的问题实际上是很浅陋的问题，因为儒家的名声好，所以才被人利用，一利用以后就好像儒家都是他的，实际上你要看它怎么做，做些什么事情，这是孔子讲的，我要看人看其行，他怎么做人，这就能看出他是不是儒家。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 36px; font-family: 宋体;">儒家是宽恕的，道是忠恕，忠恕两个字，忠是尽自己所能，恕就是对别人采取宽恕的态度（己所不欲勿施于人），这是儒家的基本精神。如果一个党一个政府对一个给自己政策稍微有点批评的人，都要送到监牢里头去，那个还可能是儒家吗？所以我想辨别儒家还是不是儒家是非常简单的。我们千万不要被文字所惑，变成语言的奴隶。</span></p><div><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 36px; font-family: 宋体;"><br /></span></div></section></section></div>