<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">在众多论述民主和论述美国的著作中，《论美国的民主》无疑是最佳著作。该书作者亚历西斯·托克维尔表示美国是民主之地，无论在序言还是书名中，他都将民主和美国这两大主题连在了一起。美国是民主最为完善遇阻最小的国家，美国的民主最为典型并处于最佳状态。这一观点如今看来可能尚有争议，但至少值得商榷。如果说二十世纪是美国人的世纪，那么原因一定在于美国通常成功地致力于在民主存在的地方巩固民主，在民主尚且薄弱或尚不存在的地方推行民主。历经</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">165</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年之后，民主仍然在美国屹立不倒。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 22px; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">托克维尔前往美国，据他所说，为了考察一个伟大的共和政体的面貌。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #000000;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">然而</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #ff2600;">最为打动他的却是美国的身份平等，也就是美国的民主</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">。很久</span></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">以前爆发了一场民主革命，这场革命今天仍在继续，并且由于阻力减小而得以加速前行。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: #ff2600; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #ff2600;">托克维尔提出了清教徒才是美国的最初创立者，还阐述了新英格兰乡镇自治的起源。并且分析了旨在促进民主自治并使其保持平稳发展的联邦宪法。他表示无论是否通过宪法，主权都属于人民，并警示了多数人暴政。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">在该书第一卷内容繁多的最后一章中，托克维尔审视了美国所特有的美国民主制的情况，尤其是三大种族混合集会的情况，还推测了这些所预示的美国的未来。</span></p><div> </div><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">在《论美国的民主》第二卷中，托克维尔不再论述民主制在美国的自然崛起，而是从民主制对智力活动的影响开始，转而论述民主制对美国的影响。美国人对于哲学家笛卡尔并不熟悉，他们遵循笛卡尔的学说行事，却从没读过他的著作。笛卡尔赞同他们依据自己的独立判断而独立行事。因而，美国人承受着个人主义，这种可悲的情形——托克维尔率先对此加以描述——下，民主国家的男性女性都要依靠自己的资源，因而感觉自己被客观的外部力量所压倒。但是个人主义并不是民主的必然结果：还有补救措施，</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: #ff2600; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #ff2600;">美国人有能力依据个人意志和理智主动相互联系而不是依靠集中的家长式政府来关照自己。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">托克维尔将这样的政府称为“伟大的存在”，并表示这样的政府会导致“温和的专制”，他非常有先见之明地对此进行了阐述。本书中这样的精彩观点实在多不胜举，我们权且以此开始，走进这本恢弘巨著。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 22px; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: #ff2600; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #ff2600;">托克维尔的书堪称权威经典。该书不仅受到自艾森豪威尔以来历任美国总统等政治家的认可，还受到了众多领域的教授的认可</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">。该书赢得的普遍赞誉表明了这本书对于所有读者都有其价值，也表明了读者对政治或学术对手引用的不那么受欢迎的段落，会选择忍受或者直接忽略。令人震惊的是，左右两派都利用《论美国的民主》来支持双方截然不同的政策。托克维实现了在序言末尾所说的不讨好任何政党的目标。虽然托克维尔备受赞誉，但不可否认这本著作尚有争议和令人费解之处。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: #ff2600; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #ff2600;">托克维尔写这本书旨在责备甚至谴责当时支持和反对民主制的党派。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">尽管旧体制已经退出历史舞台，大家都已遵照托克维尔的建议接受了民主制，但党派仍然在旧体制里停留，还在争议是否要限制民主制或者进一步推动民主制。托克维尔有些令人沮丧但颇具启发的话想要告知两个党派。他了解美国的民主程度，因为他比我们更为清晰地看到了美国民主制的阻力。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: #ff2600; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #ff2600;">他前往美国是为了近距离考察民主，也为了确认可能收获的发现。不同于其他访客，他明白美国不仅仅是欧洲的衍生品。美国并不落后于欧洲，反而遥遥领先，从这个角度而言可谓卓越。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">托克维尔认为这值得美国人自豪，《联邦党人文集》的首页也重复了这一点，从而为全人类树立了榜样。他的雄心在于研究美国的雄心，这两种情况下的雄心都能赋予别人自由。任何国家，只要有能力，都可以超越美国，有朝一日也会有作家写出一本比《论美国的民主》更好的关于美国的民主的书。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 22px; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">我们先来观看托克维尔的出身、他的生活条件以及他选择接受的影响，再来察看《论美国的民主》这本书的神奇之处以及阐述其含义的困难之处。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 22px; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 22px; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">托克维尔其人</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 22px; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">亚历西斯·德·托克维尔（</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Alexis de Tocqueville</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">）出生于</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1805</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">7</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">月</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">29</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">日，于</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1859</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">4</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">月</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">16</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">日去世，享年</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">54</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">岁。托克维尔出身法国贵族，也过着贵族的生活。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: #ff2600; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #ff2600;">他是一位自由主义者，不仅反对贵族旧制度，还怀疑推翻旧制度的革命</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: #ff2600; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #ff2600;">。他也是一位贵族自由主义者，如果清楚这一艰难组合背后所蕴含的一切含义，我们就可以就此结束了。但是既然知之甚微，那么我们就由此开始。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">无论在思想上还是在生活中托克维尔都一直坚持自由和高贵，他关注如何将这两者结合在一起。</span></p><div><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;"><br /></span></div><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">托克维尔出生于克雷莱尔（</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Clérel</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">）这一古老的诺曼底贵族家庭，他的一位祖先曾经跟随征服者威廉参加了黑斯廷斯战役。通过婚姻、谈判以及法律诉讼，克雷莱尔家族逐步在诺曼底取得了托克维尔的封地，并于</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1661</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年把姓氏正式变更为托克维尔。亚历西斯的祖父是一名骑士，而父亲埃尔维（</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Hervé</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">）则于</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1820</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年成为伯爵。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1793</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年埃尔维娶了马尔泽尔布（</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Malesherbes</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">）的孙女，马尔泽尔布是旧制度后期的名流：既是植物学家，也是卢梭的通信者；既是部长又是路易十六的辩护律师，他在</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1792</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">到</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1793</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年审判期间勇敢地为国王辩护。马尔泽尔布和埃尔维在大革命恐怖时期被囚禁，马尔泽尔布和妹妹、女儿、女婿、孙女和孙女婿一起被送上断头台。埃尔维则于</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1794</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年被释放，幸免一死，他年仅</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">22</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">岁就一夜白头。埃尔维成为马尔泽尔布的女婿——伟大作家弗朗索瓦-勒内·德·夏多布里昂（</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">François-René de Chateaubriand</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">）的哥哥——的两个遗孤的监护人。夏多布里昂在其《墓中回忆录》中讲述了看着自己的两个侄子与亚历西斯一起成长的经历，亚历西斯后来著作了《论美国的民主》一书。夏多布里昂诸多警句中有一句陈述道：“在我参观美国的森林时，亚历西斯·德·托克维尔走遍了文明美国。”这就是贵族的傲慢，托克维尔原本也可以这样傲慢，可他没有这样。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: #ff2600; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #ff2600;">他总结说所有支持贵族制的党派观点目前看来都是徒劳而怀旧的。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">如果说他保留了一些贵族的意识，也仅仅是在得此总结之后。托克维尔没有孩子，也无意定要维系自己的贵族家庭。他说过由于孩子可以想象，自己想要孩子，但是“并不特别渴望能够中头彩成为父亲。”无论多么同情赞赏贵族社会，他都不是一个有着贵族情怀的人，他准备好代表贵族的幻想作为一家之主做出牺牲。</span></p><div><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;"><br /></span></div><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">托克维尔的三本伟大著作，都以不可抗拒的民主革命为主题。《论美国的民主》（第一卷于</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1835</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年出版，第二卷于</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1840</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年出版）序言中对此进行过表述。《托克维尔回忆录》（</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Souvenirs</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">）（写于</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1851</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年但未出版，</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1893</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年才得以首次出版）也运用了这一主题，他在书中叙述了</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1848</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年亲眼目睹的那场（最终的）社会主义革命。他还在《旧制度与大革命》中揭示了其起源，该书</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1856</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年出版，托克维尔当时承诺会继续就这场大革命进行写作，评判其革命成果，这一承诺他已无法履行。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">不同于同时期其他贵族，托克维尔并没有对民主制丧失信心。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: #ff2600; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #ff2600;">他既不蔑视也不反对民主制。总体而言，他赞同民主制，至少可以说他愿意接受民主制。托克维尔在思想上和内心里究竟民主程度如何，《论美国的民主》的读者常常就此产生分歧。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">不过，可以断定他花费不少努力告诫法国的反动派民主制不可逆转而且不可阻挡，还告诉他们不应该憎恨这一法国大革命的成果。他认为民主的起点使得大革命提前爆发，而其最恶劣的影响（既不是暴力也不是破坏），是由君主制的旧制度引发的。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">托克维尔既没有像旧制度流离失所的难民一样躲避或郁闷，也没有毫不情愿地接受强加于己的任务，而是寻求机会参政。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1837</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年，他本应该专心写作《论美国的民主》下册时，却选择了在路易·菲利普一世当权时竞选众议院议员，竞选失败。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1839</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年他再次参与竞选，成功当选，并于</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1842</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年获得连任，</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1846</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年再次连任。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1844</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年他成为自由杂志《商业报》（</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Le commerce</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">）的领军人物，之后当众议院转向右翼时，他协助创立了“左翼青年”。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1848</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">月</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">27</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">日，他在众议院发表了一场著名的演讲，警示空气中“革命的风”，这一预言的准确性连他本人都颇为惊讶；除了《论美国的民主》中更为广泛的预测，还有一则实例可以表明他拥有不可思议的能力，能够预感到政治的跌宕起伏。同年晚些时候，在路易·菲利普的君主制垮台之后，托克维尔当选为法兰西第二共和国的制宪议会议员，参与制定宪法。然后在</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1848</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年当选为新宪法实施后的国民议会议员，并短暂荣耀而又并不成功地出任了第二共和国外交部长，然而该内阁仅从</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">6</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">月</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">日持续到</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">10</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">月</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">31</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">日。第二年春天，他身患重病，疑似肺结核，这场疾病最终夺去了他的生命。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 22px; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">托克维尔竭力 “用常规的、适度的、保守并且符合宪法的方式，”进行管理，然而他所处的环境却是“每个人都想背离宪法。”在这样一种困境下，几乎不可能行为一致，无论如何，法国人已经推选拿破仑为总统，新的共和国时日无多。拿破仑在</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1851</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">12</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">月发动政变结束了共和国，时任议员的托克维尔表示抗议，被囚禁两天，然后释放。在不自由的政权和疾病的双重打击下，他终于可以自由地写作那本关于旧制度的著作。不过对他而言，仅有写作和出版的自由还远远不够。他还想要政治自由，他希望能够任职从而亲身体验政治自由。他似乎理解了在政治上区分自我的欲望，因为这个世界的美好之处甚至理解带来的智力快感从不会满足或者休息。理论本身是一种充满混乱的活动，因此不一定优于行动。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1840</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年给哥哥爱德华的信中，他写道：</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 22px; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">驱使灵魂的身体各不相同，而灵魂是相同的，这动荡而又贪得无厌的灵魂鄙视世上所有的美好，然而需要使灵魂骚动才能抓住它们，从而逃开痛苦的麻木，一旦片刻依靠自己，这种痛苦的麻木就会卷土重来。这是个悲哀的故事，几乎会发生在任何人身上，只不过一些人可能体验地更多一些，而我体验到的比我认识的任何人都更多一些。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 22px; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">托克维尔并没有沉浸在《论美国的民主》的成功中，而是去别处寻找新的差异。</span></p><div><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;"><br /></span></div><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">不过，很难说托克维尔是一名成功的政治家。他缺乏亲和力，他在《托克维尔回忆录》中坦白了这一点：</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 22px; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">每当有人无法以新奇的观点或情感让我印象深刻时，我就可以说看不到他。我一直在想平庸的人和不乏优点的人有一个鼻子、一张嘴还有眼睛，可我就是记不住他们中任何一个人的这些面貌特征。我常常询问这些每天碰面的陌生人的姓名，却常常记不住；可是我并不鄙视他们，我很少和他们为伍，把他们当作常见现象。我尊重他们，因为是他们在领导世界，可是他们确实让我厌烦极了。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 22px; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">他继续说道，这种坦白并不是源于真正的谦虚，而是源于“极大的骄傲”。不过托克维尔并不是一个只会挑剔同胞，挑剔辨认不清的民主党同僚的人。共和国的政治自由不仅仅为多数人提供了安全保障，还为少数希望区分自己希望更加卓越的人扫清了道路。</span></p><div><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;"><br /></span></div><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">托克维尔因而着手关注政治，近距离并根据民主革命对自己的影响来考察民主革命。一直以来他都清楚自己没有赞赏过平庸的人：他无法成为平庸的人，既不希望认识他们个人，也不希望统治他们这个阶层。他从政治学中学会了解政治以及自己，或者说学会了了解两者。除了三本伟大著作，他的书信集也颇为出名，尤其是（但不仅是）给朋友古斯塔夫·德·博蒙（</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Gustave de Beaumont</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">）和路易·德·克尔戈莱（</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Louis de Kergorlay</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">）的书信，几乎比他的书更具吸引力。他还写了一些关于奴隶制、贫穷、殖民地以及感化院的报告，他对监狱的调查成了美国之行的“托词”（托克维尔的说法）。而这场美国之行促成了或者说导致了写作《论美国的民主》。托克维尔还写下很多日记记载航行，除了美国之行，还有英国、瑞士、爱尔兰以及阿尔及利亚之行。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 22px; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 16px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: "Songti SC"; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #000000; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">可以当作对著作的表彰，</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1838</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年托克维尔成为了法兰西人文院的成员，并于</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1841</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年在其年仅</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">36</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">岁时荣膺法兰西学院的院士。他在法兰西学院（</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Institut de France</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">）度过了</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">20</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">年的社会生活，该学院在第二帝国时期成为如托克维尔一样被拿破仑驱离政治的自由人士的避难所。一旦加入法兰西学院，他就有责任歌颂席位被他占据的已故成员。他要歌颂的却是拿破仑一世的大臣兼崇拜者瑟萨克伯爵（</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">Comte de Cessac</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">），一名特殊的法国政府的无私建造者，托克维尔终其一生都在谴责、批评并反对这种政府。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: "Times New Roman"; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: #ff2600; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #ff2600; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1852</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: #ff2600; -webkit-text-stroke-color: #ff2600;">年托克维尔在法兰西人文院围绕政治科学的本质进行了演讲，他总结出政治科学和管理的艺术是“两种截然不同的东西。”</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">政治科学等同于写作的艺术，符合逻辑思想，可以让人体验到“美妙、精致、巧妙、原味”而世界遵从其热情，并由这些司空见惯的常规统治。托克维尔承认法国的卓越政治家可以写出非常精美的书籍，这些书籍却无益于他们的行动。这一评论可能只是依据他的个人经验。不过管理的失败无法从短期内服从于别人的职位以及处于拿破仑的不祥统治推断出来。作家有自己强大的指令，托克维尔声称政治科学生成或形成社会的总体理念，而特定的事实和法律来自于社会的总体理念。对于管理和写作之间的任何对立，托克维尔总是疏离政治家却亲近哲学家。</span></p>