<div id="img-content" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;"><div id="js_content" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 18px; position: relative;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="86425" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; border: 0px none;"><section style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 10px; color: inherit; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #c6c6c7; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: #c6c6c7;"><section data-style="text-align: justify;" style="margin: 15px 15px 20px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.75em; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">从2017年12月28日开始，伊朗发生了一场席卷全国、愈演愈烈的反政府抗议活动，要求结束伊斯兰共和国的神权统治。从这次尚未结束的抗议活动的规模和烈度来看，无论其最终结果如何，都将影响伊朗乃至中东的未来局势。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">很多读者都会觉得伊朗这个国家有些神秘。一方面，“共和国”“革命卫队”这些词语看起来挺进步；另一方面，伊朗又是一个政教合一的宗教国家。伊朗究竟怎么回事，这些都要从巴列维王朝谈起。</p></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section data-id="85934" data-color="#80b135" data-custom="#80b135" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="86468" data-color="#0c8918" data-custom="#0c8918" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; border: 0px none;"><section data-width="50%" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 465px;"><section data-width="100%" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #0c8918; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: #0c8918; width: 465px; display: inline-block;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微软雅黑; color: #4f6128;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">巴列维王朝</strong></span></p></section></section><section style="margin: 2px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #4f6128;">伊斯兰革命前的伊朗</span></p></section></section><section data-width="100%" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">地理上，伊朗东西方向是陆上连接中东和中亚的必经之路，南北方向则毗邻波斯湾和里海，可谓是地处海湾地区战略要塞；人口将近八千万，比海湾地区另外两个大国伊拉克和沙特加起来还多；种族上，波斯人占到60%以上，其他少数民族包括阿塞拜疆人、库尔德人等；宗教上，大约99%的伊朗人信奉伊斯兰教，其中90%属于什叶派，这种宗教的单一性也构成了我们后面要讲的伊斯兰共和国的基础；资源上，几乎跟其他海湾国家一样，伊朗富产原油。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2018/Jan/1320181.jpeg" border="0" alt="" width="591" height="402" /><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;">伊朗地理示意图</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">关于什叶派和逊尼派是什么，简单说：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 15px;">伊斯兰教有两派，逊尼派和什叶派；</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 15px;">逊尼派占大多数，带头大哥是沙特；</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 15px;">什叶一般为少数，伊朗伊拉克为主。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在伊斯兰革命之前相当长的一段时间里，伊朗都是实行的君主制，他们的国王用波斯语讲叫做沙阿。这个君主制的国家在西方工业革命之后发生的事情我们大家动动脚趾头也能想得到：屡次遭到列强入侵，最终沦为了半殖民地半封建社会。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">以后的事情跟其他类似的国家差不了太多，就是各种列强的直接、间接控制，这其中最主要的境外势力是英国和俄国。当然了，其他后起的帝国主义国家也对这块土地垂涎不已，比如德国和美国。于是英俄这哥俩儿为了避免后患，就在1907年一商量签了个协议把波斯给分了：俄国控制北部，英国占据南部，只留下中间一小块地区作为缓冲区，仍然由当时的卡加王朝执政。英国人从中得到的油水也是异常丰厚，伊朗的石油业自从1913年以后就一直由大名鼎鼎的BP石油公司控制。也是在这个时候，伊朗开始建立君主立宪的制度。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">然而这样的“好”景没持续太久，到了1921年，有个叫礼萨·汗的上校发动了军事政变，占据了德黑兰。再过了几年（1925），他取得王位建立了巴列维王朝，并在1935年改国名为伊朗。于是美帝一看掺沙子的机会来了，开始大力扶植王朝，这也保障了他们在伊朗和中东的利益。该王朝一共有两代君主，1941年礼萨·汗逊位，由其子穆罕默德·礼萨·巴列维继位，而后者也就是伊斯兰革命时被推翻的那位君主了。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.8px; line-height: 28.8px; widows: 1; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2018/Jan/1320181-2.jpeg" border="0" alt="" width="464" height="379" /><br /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;">巴列维王朝的象征狮子与太阳</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">那时候，巴列维王朝对美国言听计从。二战后正是世界殖民地独立和民主运动蓬勃发展的时期，伊朗社会也是蠢蠢欲动，想要摆脱西方的控制，废除君主实现真正的独立。1951年的时候，有一个叫摩萨台的人出任首相，然后开始推广改革，意图把被美国和英国占有的石油资源国有化，并导致沙阿一度流亡海外。结果美国中情局果断出手，策动了一场阿贾克斯行动，在1953年把摩萨台赶下了台，让沙阿重新回到了王位。我们上一次讲的帮助伊朗搞核电站神马的，也是发生在巴列维这个时期。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section data-id="85934" data-color="#80b135" data-custom="#80b135" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-bcless="darken" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="86468" data-color="#0c8918" data-custom="#0c8918" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; border: 0px none;"><section data-width="50%" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 465px;"><section data-width="100%" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #0c8918; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: #0c8918; width: 465px; display: inline-block;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微软雅黑; color: #4f6128;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">白色革命</strong></span></p></section></section><section style="margin: 2px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #4f6128;">伊斯兰革命前奏曲</span></p></section></section><section data-bcless="darken" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在沙阿的设想中，伊朗应该建立一个发达的资本主义君主立宪国家，最好还能搞个像沙皇那样有权力的帝国主义国家。于是在1963年，巴列维国王宣布实行白色革命，依照美国的蓝图来进行伊朗的农业与工业改革。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">说起来这个巴列维国王还是挺实诚的，自个儿就把革命的颜色定义成了白色。“白色”和“革命”这两个词语虽然看起来自相矛盾，但是正说明了这场运动的基本含义。在经济上这是一场试图建立起完善的资本主义秩序的革命，而在政治上则继续巩固白色的专制制度。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">接下来我们详细讲讲这个白色革命。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">首先是经济上。为了建立资本主义工业体系，必须要彻底打破传统的地主-佃农式的封建农业结构。这件事我们很熟悉，其实说白了就是要迅速创造出资本主义的两极——工人阶级和资本家。英国当年的圈地运动，把农民从土地上赶出来，就是如此。在伊朗，白色革命推行了土地改革，地主的土地被分给佃农。一方面，为了迅速制造出资本家阶级，地主们获得了一大笔补偿金，从而可以用于投资工业，而国有企业也同时被私有化出售给地主。另一方面，农民虽然一开始分到了土地，但是这些土地很快就再次集中到了高利贷者和生产出口经济作物的跨国公司手里，于是大量的工人阶级也自然产生了。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2018/Jan/1320181-3.jpeg" border="0" alt="" width="348" height="258" /><br /></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;">巴列维发放土地证</span></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2018/Jan/1320181-4.jpeg" border="0" alt="" width="640" height="403" /><br /></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;">1963年，巴列维参观一座新建的学校</span></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section></section><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2018/Jan/1320181-5.jpeg" border="0" alt="" width="640" height="470" /><br /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;">1963年妇女首次参与投票</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">其次是宗教上。白色革命意在建立一个封建贵族<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;">（以巴列维国王为首）</span>和买办资产阶级分享政权的资本主义社会。对于这二者而言，宗教势力是他们共同的敌人。因此，白色革命期间当局大力推行世俗化改革，取消了宗教领袖的特权，关闭了大量的宗教学校，给予了妇女选举权。这一时期推行的开放型文化政策还使得西方文化和生活方式迅速涌入，冲击了原有的宗教传统。伊朗的伊斯兰宗教领袖霍梅尼<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;">（也是伊斯兰革命后伊朗的最高领袖）</span>就因为大力反对白色革命而被逮捕，并于1964年11月4日被驱逐出境。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">最后是政治上。巴列维王朝对于自己掌握一切的状况表示很满意，但是老百姓的民主诉求其实一直没有停息过，这也是后来伊斯兰革命的主要动因。为了应付这种广泛存在的不满情绪，沙阿搞了一个叫做SAVAK的东西，也就是秘密警察。这个SAVAK是1957年在美帝中情局的帮助之下建立起来的，高峰期其人数可能多达数万，被用于对巴列维政权的潜在反对者进行酷刑折磨和处决，因而也被描述为当时伊朗人最恐惧和厌恶的组织。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">应该说在美国的帮助之下，白色革命在经济上的尝试还是有很多建树的，尤其是70年代石油危机油价暴涨带来的收益使伊朗一跃由债务国转为债权国。1968到1978年间伊朗经济以年均16% – 17%的速度增长，人均国民产值从1961年的160美元跃增为1978年的2250美元，城市化率由30%提高到52%。经过十多年的快速发展伊朗初步建立起了比较完整的轻重工业体系，并进一步开始发展原子能、电子工业。1976年伊朗原油产量达到历史峰值——每天660万桶，占世界总产量的十分之一，在苏联、美国和沙特之后居世界第四位，出口量更是仅次于沙特。然而，快速的发展也带来急剧的社会分化。当年伊朗上流社会的奢靡生活被人们用“荷兰买鲜花，法国买矿泉水，东地中海买野味，非洲买水果”来形容，而普通工人和农民却仍然生活在贫困之中。特别是1975年之后，由于过度投资和国际石油价格下跌导致的严重通货膨胀，城市居民的生活受到很大冲击。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2018/Jan/1320181-6.jpeg" border="0" alt="" width="640" height="297" /><br /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;">白色革命期间伊朗GDP变化情况（蓝：伊朗；红：伊拉克；数据来源：世界银行）</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">资本主义快速发展的同时，工人阶级也在快速地发展和壮大起来。到伊斯兰革命前夕，单是伊朗的制造业就容纳了大约两百万工人，交通和其他产业还有七十多万工人。新产生的工人阶级也在后来的伊斯兰革命中成为了运动的主力。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">总的来说，白色革命试图以经济发展来巩固巴列维王朝的君主统治合法性。然而，取消宗教特权触动了僧侣阶层的利益，激进的世俗化改革又遭到许多伊斯兰教徒的反对，西方文化的涌入和贫富差距的加大则推动了人民的民主诉求，秘密警察SAVAK更是为人民所唾弃。这些因素加在一起，使得白色革命在社会意义上完全失败，并引发了另外一场革命——伊斯兰革命。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section data-id="85934" data-color="#80b135" data-custom="#80b135" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="86468" data-color="#0c8918" data-custom="#0c8918" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; border: 0px none;"><section data-width="50%" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 465px;"><section data-width="100%" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #0c8918; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: #0c8918; width: 465px; display: inline-block;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微软雅黑; color: #4f6128;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">伊斯兰革命</strong></span></p></section></section><section style="margin: 2px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #4f6128;">伊斯兰共和制度建立</span></p></section></section><section data-width="100%" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">巴列维王朝的危机在七十年代末期开始集中地爆发出来。从1977年底开始，伊朗出现了大规模的群众抗议活动，反对国王统治和要求民主权力。由于巴列维政府之前对于宗教领袖的打击和对宗教传统的摒弃，很多抗议活动以宗教的名义出现，群众抬着霍梅尼的画像，高呼“打倒国王，建立伊斯兰教国家”的口号。1978年9月，国王巴列维更换内阁，宣布对首都德黑兰等12个大城市实行军事管制，并出动大批军警镇压反对者。关于这些冲突中的死伤人数可以说争议不小，例如在德黑兰宣布宵禁当晚有五千人上街示威，军警开枪打死了64人，然而次日流亡在外的霍梅尼就表示有四千无辜平民被屠杀，这又进一步引爆了更大规模的抗议。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2018/Jan/1320181-7.jpeg" border="0" alt="" width="640" height="433" /><br /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;">沙阿的统治最终引爆了革命（标语：沙阿是美国的傀儡）</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">到1978年秋季，全国各地大规模的示威和罢工造成石油工业停产，交通中断。十月底，学生也加入了示威的队伍。这场革命在十二月（也是伊斯兰历的穆哈兰姆月）达到高潮，12月2日有超过200万人聚集在德黑兰的自由广场要求罢免沙阿及争取霍梅尼返国。一周后的12月10日及11日，反沙阿示威者“总数达600至900万”，也就是全国人口的10%。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">最终，1979年1月16日，国王礼萨·巴列维被迫出国“长期度假”，此后再也没能回到伊朗。2月1日，霍梅尼结束长达15年的流亡生活，由巴黎回到德黑兰。当天他受到三百万人空前盛大的欢迎，宣布废除君主立宪制度，成立伊斯兰临时革命政府。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2月11日霍梅尼任命马赫迪·巴扎尔甘为伊朗总理正式接管政权，巴列维王朝灭亡。4月1日，伊朗经过全民公投以98.2%的支持率通过新的伊斯兰共和宪法，废除君主制，改国名为伊朗伊斯兰共和国。年底，霍梅尼正式成为伊朗的最高领袖。也是从这个时候开始，新的政教合一的伊斯兰共和制度建立起来了。</p><section data-id="85934" data-color="#80b135" data-custom="#80b135" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="86468" data-color="#0c8918" data-custom="#0c8918" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; border: 0px none;"><section data-width="50%" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 465px;"><section data-width="100%" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #0c8918; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: #0c8918; width: 465px; display: inline-block;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微软雅黑; color: #4f6128;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">民主与神权混编</strong></span></p></section></section><section style="margin: 2px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #4f6128;">伊斯兰革命后的伊朗</span></p></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">按照新的伊斯兰共和国宪法，伊朗的最高领袖为伊斯兰大阿亚图拉，在当时也就是霍梅尼，现在则是哈梅内伊。这个最高领袖对于伊朗五大政权机构——总统与政府、议会、司法总监、国家利益委员会、宪法监护委员会——具有人事权力和政策建议权与否决权。也就是说，虽然总统和议会由全民选举产生，但是要经过大阿亚图拉的任命。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这种神权统治和民主共和混编的制度，确实是前无古人后无来者，也很难讲相比于原先的君主制度有多少好处。但是比较明确的一点是，这一新生的伊斯兰共和国，几乎就是对之前的巴列维王朝和白色革命期间的政治经济形态在主要方面取反：宗教上从世俗化社会走向政教合一。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">伊朗人在革命后并没有盼到生活的改善，反而在八十年代陷入了“两伊战争”，丧失了大量年轻的生命。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">而美国对宗教化伊朗的制裁又使得伊朗的经济陷入困境。</p><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p></section></section></section><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="86468" data-color="#0c8918" data-custom="#0c8918" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; border: 0px none;"><section data-width="50%" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 465px;"><section data-width="100%" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #0c8918; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: #0c8918; width: 465px; display: inline-block;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微软雅黑; color: #4f6128;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">抗议背后</strong></span></p></section></section><section style="margin: 2px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #4f6128;">民生问题不容忽视</span></p></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">多年来伊朗30%-40%收入依靠油气出口。2014年底以来，国际油价大跌，对沙特和伊朗等海湾国家，造成了严重冲击。伊朗鲁哈尼总统于2016年出台第六个“五年计划”，试图通过引进外资减少对油气出口的依赖。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">然而，2015年7月伊朗核协议达成以来，尤其是特朗普担任美国总统后，美国不仅没有减少对伊朗的经济制裁，反而以伊朗开发弹道导弹为由，多次追加对伊朗制裁，加上伊朗卷入阿拉伯国家的冲突，导致鲁哈尼政府向选民承诺的“保增长、改善经济、加强基础设施建设、提高国民收入、脱贫”等宏伟蓝图迟迟未能实现。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">截至2017年，伊朗失业率高达13%，部分食品价格上涨30%以上，中下阶层贫困人口的生活水平未得到根本改善。以乌里玛集团和伊斯兰革命卫队为代表的保守势力，和以鲁哈尼为代表的温和保守派及改革派势力相互博弈，双方均反对游行示威，却又都希望利用中下阶层的不满向对方施压，在某种程度上助长了社会危机。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">伊朗出于宗教原因，为扩大什叶派的势力，向战火中的叙利亚投注了大量的资源，出人出枪出钱在叙利亚打仗，甚至还有高级指挥官死在叙利亚，这让石油市场疲软下灰暗的国内经济更加雪上加霜。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">当前，伊朗12-29岁青年失业率高达25.9%，女性失业率更是男性的2倍。部分参与游行的青年人提出“伊朗第一”的口号，要求政府把国内经济和社会问题放在首位，不赞成介入叙利亚、黎巴嫩、也门和巴勒斯坦等阿拉伯事务、增加伊朗财政负担。同时，他们要求男女平等，增强女性赋权，使女性在社会生活中的参与度更高。另外，他们也要求惩治腐败。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">总之，由于伊朗经济和社会矛盾积弊重重，伊朗青年群体对政府推动经济发展、政治改良和社会变革的呼声不断高涨，伊朗社会的多元化趋势日益明显。未来伊朗将走向何方，我们拭目以待。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p></div></div>