<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">女性主义的理论千头万绪，归根结底就是一句话：在全人类实现男女平等。综观女性主义的理论，有些激烈如火，有些平静如水，有些主张做决死抗争，有些认可退让妥协，但是所有的女性主义理论有一个基本的前提，那就是：女性在全世界范围内是一个受压迫、受歧视的等级，即女性主义思想泰斗波伏瓦所说的“第二性”。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">女性的第二性地位是如此普遍，如此持久。在这样一个跨历史跨文化的普遍存在的社会结构当中，女性在政治、经济、文化、思想、认知、观念、伦理等各个领域都处于与男性不平等的地位，即使在家庭这样的私人领域中，女性也处于与男性不平等的地位。男权制思想认为，这种男尊女卑的性别秩序不仅是普遍存在的，而且是不会改变的，因为它是自然形成的；而女性主义却认为，这一性别秩序既不是普遍存在的，也不是永不改变的，因为它并不是“自然形成”的，而是由社会和文化人为建构起来的。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">在不同的年代和不同的文化当中，男性也受压迫，但是他们是由于属于某个阶级或阶层的成员而受压迫，而不是由于是男性而受压迫。女性则不同，除了因为属于某个阶级或阶层等原因之外，还仅仅因为身为女性而受压迫。由男性铸造的社会将女性视为低下的：她只能通过挑战和改变男性的高等地位的途径来改变自身的低下地位。历史上有许多向统治集团挑战的革命，但是只有女性主义是向男权制本身挑战的。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">女性主义理论可以被划分为宏观理论和微观理论两大类。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">女性主义宏观理论包括一些对世界和历史加以阐释的宏大叙事，如世界体系理论。这一理论原本只是将世界区分为中心地域、半边缘地域和边缘地域，分析这些地域之间的权力关系，完全忽略了女性主义的因素。但是经过女性主义的改造，增加了一些新的理论要点，其中包括不再把女性仅仅作为男性家长家庭的一个成员；不再认为家庭成员的利益总是一致的；分析女性独立的经济贡献，女性在全球经济中作为非正式劳动力、家庭工人、食品生产者的角色。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">再如马克思主义的理论。女性主义循着马克思主义的思路，并对它做了女性主义的改造。一个最主要的改造是提出了下列论点：男权制是先于资本主义制度就存在的，因此推翻资本主义只是结束男性对女性压迫的必要条件，而不是充分条件。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">女性主义的微观理论也是门类繁多，不胜枚举。在此试举几例： </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">交换理论：这一理论指出，理性的人一向被假定为自私的、相互隔离的、无情感的行为者，而女性主义理论则做出了另一种假设，它假设人是相互连结的、利他的、有情感的。女性主义还用交换理论解释男女两性之间的不平等：男性占有了份额较女性大得多的政治、经济、文化和知识资源。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">网络理论：女性主义用这一理论分析性别差异与性别不平等。一个人的社会地位是他的社会关系的总和。男女两性由于从儿时起结识的人就不同，后来的关系网络也不同，因此造成了两性发展机会的巨大差异。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">角色理论：这一理论涉及女性的家庭与工作的双重角色冲突问题。这两种角色一旦发生冲突，女性的工作角色往往要服从家庭角色，女性因此丧失了大量的工作和升迁的机会，致使女性做事业的动力降低。女性比较集中的职业由于缺勤率高、精力投入少，因此变得价值较低，报酬也较低。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">地位期望理论：这一理论认为，男女两性在进入性别混合的目标动力群体时，由于群体对男性的期望值高于女性，就降低了女性在群体互动中的自信心、威望和权力。如果某位女性想反潮流而动，群体内的两性都会反对她，敌视她。在这种情况下，性别期望模式得到了巩固。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">符号互动理论：这一理论认为，人的心灵、自我和社会都是通过符号交流和话语制造出来的。正如标签理论所揭示的那样，女性往往在社会教化的过程中接受了社会对男尊女卑的定义，于是遇事常常会自责，取悦和讨好男性以避免惩罚，久而久之就造成了两性之间的巨大差别。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">新弗洛伊德理论：这一理论认为，儿童大多由女性抚养，无论男孩女孩在开始时爱慕的对象都是女性，因此男孩要成熟起来就必须否定母亲，女孩却不必否定母亲，结果是女孩在成为女人之后，更关注人际关系和养育性；男孩在成为男人之后，更关注个人，拒绝情感表达，总想通过在社会上的成功来证明自己的价值，并且导致了男性在公领域的统治和仇女倾向。男女两性发展出不同的道德和理性模式，男性强调抽象原则，女性则更加关注具体情况。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">在女性主义思想史中，被列为女性主义奠基作品的共有七部： </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.26666666666666666" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/ZrogCTF6FdDj7GkZGiazkXERtRVHm7AwEhKYezQ8rPtYiaoE63adYoRsf3VHfibM3hhAEniaQvkQxtOtkdic1sIxfvA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1500" src="data:image/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVQImWNgYGBgAAAABQABh6FO1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; background-color: #eeedeb; border: 1px solid #eeedeb; background-size: 22px; background-image: 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box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 670px !important; background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">第一部是彼森（Christine de Pizan）的《女性之城》（The Book of the City of Ladies），1405出版。该书反对仇女观点，反对关于女性的“天然”低劣性的观点。皮赞专门讨论了历史和神话中所记载的那些出色的女性的“天然”优越性。她的观点虽然有一点本质主义的味道，但是质疑了当时的所谓“客观真理”。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">第二部是沃尔斯通克拉夫特（Mary Wollstonecraft）的《为女权辩护》（A Vindication of the Rights of Woman），1792年出版。她的哲学源自法国革命，是对女性作为理性人类主体的权利的经典论述。她指出，虽然女性很温柔，缺乏抱负，有女气的狡黠，但是性别气质的区分是人为的，不是自然的。女性应当服从正义，而不是慈善，应当对自己的生活负责。她对将女性排除在教育之外和否定女性理性能力的社会后果进行了有力的批判。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">第三部是沃尔芙（Virginia Woolf）的《自己的一间屋》（A Room of One’s Own），1929年出版。她的著作倡导女性文学在经济和艺术上的独立性，女性写作的差异性和记录一般女性生活的必要性。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">第四部是波伏瓦（Simone de Beauvoir）的《第二性》（The Second Sex），1949年出版。作者从黑格尔的主人奴隶论述开始，分析了女性是男性的“他者”的处境。作为一个象征：女性是“他者”，母亲也是“他者”。该书还考察了生理学、历史和心理分析方面与女性有关的论述。在这部著作中，波伏瓦提出了那句脍炙人口的名言：“一个人并不是生而为女性而是变成女性的。” </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">第五部是弗里丹（Betty Friedan）的《女性的神话》（The Feminine Mystique），1963出版。它虽然不是一部理论著作，但是它描绘了1950年代美国女性对家庭主妇角色的不满，批判了文化人类学和社会学中保守的结构主义，表达了当时女性要解放、要自由的强烈愿望。从政治角度看，该书作者是一位保守的改革派，而不是激进派。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">第六部是米利特（Kate Millett）的《性政治》（Sexual Politics），1970年在美国出版，1972年在英国出版。该书批判了性别之间的不平等关系，以文学批评为主。米利特在书中指出：军事、工业、技术、教育（主要是大学）、科学、政府机构、金融——简言之，社会的所有权力、领导位置，包括强制力量警察，全部都被掌握在男性手中。基督教神学，古希腊哲学（柏拉图、亚里士多德），以及弗洛伊德心理学，全都是男权制的产物。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">第七部是格里尔（Germaine Greer）的《女太监》（The Female Eunuch），1970年在英国出版，1971年在美国出版。该书指出，在男权社会中，每个女人都像太监一样被去势，以便获得女性气质，而强大的独立的女性气质才是全人类的革命性的未来。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">社会学对“女性问题”的关注是1960年代女权运动的产物，在弗里丹的《女性的神话》与米利特《性政治》出版后，才真正进入了社会学的研究领域。其实，一般社会学一向会把对女性问题的研究包括在内，只不过性别问题一直处于边缘地位，直到20世纪60年代才开始进入主流。在60年代和70年代热闹的女性研究之后，女性研究转向了性别研究。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">从对女性地位的总体看法上，女性主义的一个重要观点是：女性的地位是衡量一个民族文明程度的最好尺度。（倍倍尔，第105页）马克思主义也认为：女性解放的程度是社会解放程度的天然尺度。在这个意义上说，女性的历史性的失败不止是女性的失败，也是男性的失败。虽然在两性关系中，男性地位高，女性地位低，但是男女两性都丧失了在平等的人际关系中生活的机会。在某些部族文化中，“自由”一词的本意是“回娘家”。由此逆推，在婆家就是失去自由的。等级和统治的观念占领了男性的头脑，导致了大规模的战争，逼迫式的进贡，普遍的卖淫和通奸，以致整个人类和所有的社会都丧失了平等和睦相处的可能性。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">人类为什么一定要追求性别平等？历史上有相当大比例的被压迫群体成员是满意的、不抱怨的，例如一些奴隶是安于奴隶生活的。美国一个种植园发生过这样的事情：奴隶主决定给奴隶自由，但是奴隶集体请愿保留自己的奴隶身份。中国也有性质类似的事情发生：改革开放后，在结束了普遍的贫穷状态，一部分男性又有了供养妻子的能力之后，有一批职业女性自愿回家做专职太太。按照这两个事例的逻辑，平等似乎并不是人们普遍要求的和不可或缺的。那么人类为什么要追求性别平等呢？原因很简单：就像有一些奴隶不愿意做奴隶一样，有一些女人不愿意忍受与男人不平等的关系。至于她们为什么不愿意忍受，原因是多种多样的：有些人认为不平等会压抑下等人的潜能，使上等人腐败；有些人是因为不愿意在利益上处于不利地位；还有些人仅仅因为不喜欢不平等的感觉，认为它是对人格尊严的伤害。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">社会物质条件和生产关系的改变已经使性别不平等成为不必要的、过时的制度和观念。因此出现了对传统社会性别观念和男权制的批判。性别平等是一个无人能够阻挡的大趋势。所有想扭转这个趋势的人都显得愚昧可笑，而且势单力薄。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">男权制的定义</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">到目前为止，全世界大多数文化都形成了男权制，并持续了数千年之久，只有少数例外，例子有人类学家米德所研究的一些岛国和蔡华研究的我国云南省的摩梭文化。因此，可以断言，男权制是一个跨文化的现象。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">尽管女性主义理论千差万别，但是在一点上保持高度一致，那就是：男权制既不是“自然”的，也不是永恒的，它有人为建构的成分，而且是可以改变的。其实，在最近100年间， 它已经发生了很大的变化。而这一改变与女性主义理论家、实践家的努力有关，是风起云涌的女性运动的直接后果。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">男权制在西方学术话语中被称为父权制（patriarchy），原因大约在于从词根上讲男权制与父系的（patrilineal）、男性家长（patriarch）同源，相对于母系的（matrilineal）、女性家长（matriarch），表示一种男性占据统治地位的两性不平等的制度。但是从众多的关于父权制的定义来看，父权制与男权制完全重叠，应当可以通假，视为同义词。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">下面我们看一组关于男权制（父权制）的定义：</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">——男权制就是将男性身体和生活模式视为正式和理想的社会组织形式。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">——这是一个系统的、结构化的、不公正的男性统治女性的制度。男权制包括这样一些制度（如政策、实践、地位、机构、角色和期望）和行为，它们为男性授予特权（较高的身份、价值和特权）。这些制度和行为构成了性别主义的概念框架，后者反过来维护前者，将前者合理化。男权制的核心是对男性特权和权力的维护和将其合理化。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">——长期以来最令人惊异的一个事实是，作为女性的对立面，男性的活动总是被当作绝对重要的，文化体系对男性的角色和活动赋予了绝对的权威和价值。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">——男权制：一个社会由男性统治，是认同男性的，男性中心的，这个社会的关键因素之一是压迫女性。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">——男权制（父权制）又称男性中心主义（androcentrism）。所谓男性中心是指：注意的中心在于男性及其活动。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">概括地说，男权制包括以下内容：</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">第一，男性统治：在一个社会中，无论在政治、经济、法律、宗教、教育、军事、家庭领域中，所有权威的位置都保留给男性。用男性的标准评价女性，而不是相反。例如，想象一下在报纸上出现对总统的这样一句评价：我想知道他是否能够像女性那样做个好总统。所有人都会觉得匪夷所思，根本没有人会这样说话的。与此同时，在报纸上对一位女性总统竞选人做这样的评价（我想知道她是否能够像男性那样做个好总统）却显得那么“自然而然”，司空见惯。这就表明，男尊女卑已经是一个深入人心的既定事实，人们在日常生活中甚至感觉不到它的存在，直到你把一个常见的陈述中的男性换成女性，才能发现日常生活逻辑的触目惊心的荒谬。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">男权制强调男性统治的自然基础，认为男女的差别是自然的，因此男性的统治也是自然的。男权制是一个控制女性的性别结构。男性对资源的控制限制了女性的选择。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">第二，男性认同：核心文化观念关于什么是好的、值得向往的、值得追求的或正常的，总是同男性和男性气质理想联系在一起的。例如，用“男人”的“他”代表两性都在内的人类；男人在前台，女人是背景，使女性边缘化，把女性变为规范之外的人和例外；在男主外女主内的前提下，把挣钱的工作当作劳动和事业，不挣钱的家务不视为劳动和事业。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">男权社会对男性气质和理想男人的文化描绘与整个社会的核心价值十分接近，如下列特征：有控制权，强大有力，有效率，有竞争性，有强迫性，爱拿主意，有理性，能自立自足，能控制情感等。女性气质、理想女性同男性气质、理想男性相比则是次等的。当然，女性的价值也不是完全被否定的，女性的美丽被视为男性性欲的对象，许多文化将女性浪漫化，尤其是将母性浪漫化。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">第三，将女性客体化。在男性事务和交易中将女性用作客体。限制和阻碍女性的创造力。不让女性接触社会知识和文化成就的很多领域。男权制社会的特征之一是：否定女性的性；将男性的性强加于女性；统治和剥削女性的劳动力，控制其产品；控制两性共同生育的孩子；肉体上限制女性，阻止女性的活动。社会上常见的文化意识形态和信息总是将女性摆在次等的地位，贬低女性的角色，女性的工作、产品和社会环境均低于男性。各类传媒中的符号设计暗含对女性的贬低。社会结构安排从社会最高权力机制上排斥女性。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">第四，男权制的思维模式。其中包括两分思维，即非此即彼的思考方式，将所有的事物分为黑白两极，忽略中间状态。例如：阳刚与阴柔、主体与客体、浅肤色与深肤色、理智与感情、心灵与肉体、善与恶。线性思维：时间和历史都依线性前进，忽略了循环。等级思维：忽略了只是不同没有高低之分的事物。崇尚直线发展型模式：认为现在永远优于过去。由于社会的进化和选择自有规律，如果采取社会行动、革命或改变社会秩序的行动，就会打断进化进程，导致社会的不平衡。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">到目前为止，全世界大多数文化都形成了男权制，并持续了数千年之久，只有少数例外，例子有人类学家米德所研究的一些岛国和蔡华研究的我国云南省的摩梭文化。因此，可以断言，男权制是一个跨文化的现象。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.5629139072847682" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/ZrogCTF6FdDj7GkZGiazkXERtRVHm7AwEUkXcnN28CV6DanPI0A0zJ75bZhXbTMcUqHudww1XdP2mzSxEiaLLGxA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="755" 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box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 670px !important; background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">尽管女性主义理论千差万别，但是在一点上保持高度一致，那就是：男权制既不是“自然”的，也不是永恒的，它有人为建构的成分，而且是可以改变的。其实，在最近100年间， 它已经发生了很大的变化。而这一改变与女性主义理论家、实践家的努力有关，是风起云涌的女性运动的直接后果。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">男权制在西方学术话语中被称为父权制（patriarchy），原因大约在于从词根上讲男权制与父系的（patrilineal）、男性家长（patriarch）同源，相对于母系的（matrilineal）、女性家长（matriarch），表示一种男性占据统治地位的两性不平等的制度。但是从众多的关于父权制的定义来看，父权制与男权制完全重叠，应当可以通假，视为同义词。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">下面我们看一组关于男权制（父权制）的定义：</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">——男权制就是将男性身体和生活模式视为正式和理想的社会组织形式。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">——这是一个系统的、结构化的、不公正的男性统治女性的制度。男权制包括这样一些制度（如政策、实践、地位、机构、角色和期望）和行为，它们为男性授予特权（较高的身份、价值和特权）。这些制度和行为构成了性别主义的概念框架，后者反过来维护前者，将前者合理化。男权制的核心是对男性特权和权力的维护和将其合理化。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">——长期以来最令人惊异的一个事实是，作为女性的对立面，男性的活动总是被当作绝对重要的，文化体系对男性的角色和活动赋予了绝对的权威和价值。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">——男权制：一个社会由男性统治，是认同男性的，男性中心的，这个社会的关键因素之一是压迫女性。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">——男权制（父权制）又称男性中心主义（androcentrism）。所谓男性中心是指：注意的中心在于男性及其活动。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">概括地说，男权制包括以下内容：</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">第一，男性统治：在一个社会中，无论在政治、经济、法律、宗教、教育、军事、家庭领域中，所有权威的位置都保留给男性。用男性的标准评价女性，而不是相反。例如，想象一下在报纸上出现对总统的这样一句评价：我想知道他是否能够像女性那样做个好总统。所有人都会觉得匪夷所思，根本没有人会这样说话的。与此同时，在报纸上对一位女性总统竞选人做这样的评价（我想知道她是否能够像男性那样做个好总统）却显得那么“自然而然”，司空见惯。这就表明，男尊女卑已经是一个深入人心的既定事实，人们在日常生活中甚至感觉不到它的存在，直到你把一个常见的陈述中的男性换成女性，才能发现日常生活逻辑的触目惊心的荒谬。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">男权制强调男性统治的自然基础，认为男女的差别是自然的，因此男性的统治也是自然的。男权制是一个控制女性的性别结构。男性对资源的控制限制了女性的选择。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">第二，男性认同：核心文化观念关于什么是好的、值得向往的、值得追求的或正常的，总是同男性和男性气质理想联系在一起的。例如，用“男人”的“他”代表两性都在内的人类；男人在前台，女人是背景，使女性边缘化，把女性变为规范之外的人和例外；在男主外女主内的前提下，把挣钱的工作当作劳动和事业，不挣钱的家务不视为劳动和事业。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">男权社会对男性气质和理想男人的文化描绘与整个社会的核心价值十分接近，如下列特征：有控制权，强大有力，有效率，有竞争性，有强迫性，爱拿主意，有理性，能自立自足，能控制情感等。女性气质、理想女性同男性气质、理想男性相比则是次等的。当然，女性的价值也不是完全被否定的，女性的美丽被视为男性性欲的对象，许多文化将女性浪漫化，尤其是将母性浪漫化。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">第三，将女性客体化。在男性事务和交易中将女性用作客体。限制和阻碍女性的创造力。不让女性接触社会知识和文化成就的很多领域。男权制社会的特征之一是：否定女性的性；将男性的性强加于女性；统治和剥削女性的劳动力，控制其产品；控制两性共同生育的孩子；肉体上限制女性，阻止女性的活动。社会上常见的文化意识形态和信息总是将女性摆在次等的地位，贬低女性的角色，女性的工作、产品和社会环境均低于男性。各类传媒中的符号设计暗含对女性的贬低。社会结构安排从社会最高权力机制上排斥女性。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">第四，男权制的思维模式。其中包括两分思维，即非此即彼的思考方式，将所有的事物分为黑白两极，忽略中间状态。例如：阳刚与阴柔、主体与客体、浅肤色与深肤色、理智与感情、心灵与肉体、善与恶。线性思维：时间和历史都依线性前进，忽略了循环。等级思维：忽略了只是不同没有高低之分的事物。崇尚直线发展型模式：认为现在永远优于过去。由于社会的进化和选择自有规律，如果采取社会行动、革命或改变社会秩序的行动，就会打断进化进程，导致社会的不平衡。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">为什么现代社会仍然存在性别歧视？主要原因在于性别歧视深种于文化之中，这一文化已有数千年的历史。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">《圣经·创世记》这样写到男人和女人：“上帝用从男人身上取出的肋骨造了女人，把她领到男人面前。亚当说，这是我的骨中骨，肉中肉；要把她叫做女人，因为她是从男人身上取出来的。”由于女人犯了吃智慧之果的原罪，上帝“对女人说，我必多多加增你怀胎的苦楚，你生产儿女必多受苦楚。你必恋慕你丈夫，你丈夫必管辖你。”让一个性别“管辖”另一个性别，这样的不公平，既没有象样的理由，也没有什么事实的依据，显得如此蛮横霸道。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">基督教认为，女性是不洁之物。德尔图主教说：“女人，为了使你不要忘记，你是使人类走向灭亡的东西，你要常常双眼含着忏悔的泪，用乞求的目光，愁眉苦脸，衣衫褴褛地度日。女人！你该进地狱之门！”他又说道：“哪怕人类灭亡，也必须选择独身之路。”如果说男尊女卑的观点还仅仅是当时社会现实的反映，那么这位主教的言论简直就是仇女和相当刻毒的了。作为一个以爱心为本的宗教，能够对人类中的一半有如此的怨毒，真让人感到匪夷所思。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">古罗马法中有这样的条文：“女人由于心性轻浮，即使长大成人也要有人监护。”直到现代，人们仍然常常把女性和儿童联系在一起，根源原来在这里。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">伊斯兰教也是重男轻女的，它主张“男人掌管女人，因为真主把他们中的一个造得比另一个更好，因为男人用财产供养女人。所以好女人是驯服的。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">柏拉图是轻视女性的人，他说过：一个男人可能会因为胆怯或不正经，下辈子被罚做女人。在《共和国》一书中，他未来的统治者、导师不应接近女人、奴隶和下等人。他认为女人贪婪、野心勃勃，会贬抑她的后代和丈夫。虽然柏拉图说过，“从照看公共财产的角度看，女人与男人的人性是一样的”，因此女人可以作公共财产的监护人，但他仍然认为，具有这种天赋的女人少于男人，“女人在各个方面都是弱者。”公元前4世纪的《律法》一书中记载着他的话说：“女人天生的道德潜能劣于男人，因此她相应地就是个更大的危险，也许要比男人危险一倍。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">亚里士多德的生理学认为：男性高于女性，女性是男性有缺陷的、发展不完备的形态。 他说：“男人天生高贵，女人天生低贱；男人统治，女人被统治。”“男人是主动的，他很活跃，在政治、商业和文化中有创造性。男性塑造社会和世界。在另一方面，女人是被动的。她天性就是呆在家中的。她是等待着活跃的男性原则塑造的物质。当然，在任何尺度上，活跃的成分总是地位更高、更神圣。因此男人在生殖中起主要作用，而女人只是他的种子的被动孵化器。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">卢梭攻击所有的社会不公正，但忽略了其中一项：男女的不平等。在《爱弥尔》中，他写道：“男人和女人是为对方而存在的，然而他们的相互依赖性是不平等的。没有女人，男人仍然存在，没有了男人，女人的存在便有问题。女人依靠男人的感觉而活，依靠男人对她们的奖赏而活，依靠男人对她们的吸引力、对她们的美德所设定的价值而活。女人一生的教育都应该依照和男人的相对关系而计划，女人要取悦男人，要贡献给男人，要赢得男人的爱和尊重，要哺育男人，要照顾男人，要安慰、劝慰男人，并要使男人的生活甜蜜且愉悦。”卢梭大言不惭的男权制观点使他成为女性主义的最佳批判目标。女性主义对卢梭的挑战不仅指向他对女性不公正的忽视，还有他对男女差异的充满偏见的描述。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">叔本华的思想深邃、睿智，但是在他所有那些充满智慧的言论中，男权制的观念和论述是一大败笔。他说：“女人本身是幼稚而不成熟的，她们轻佻琐碎、缺乏远见；简言之，她们永远不会成熟，只能是大孩子——是介于儿童与成年人之间的一种中间体。”他反对女性拥有财产，他甚至将法国大革命的起因归咎于宫廷女人的腐败。“女人从本性上来说意味着服从，对于这一点，我们可以把它看作这样一个事实，即每一位处于完全独立的非自然位置上的女人都要直接依附于某个男人，使自己接受他的统治和支配。这是因为她需要一位丈夫和主人。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">尼采说：所有衰退的、病态的、腐败的文化都会有一种“女性”的味道。这是一种阴茎中心主义文化的论点，极其不公正。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">社会学创始人孔德认为：女人的制度性低于男人。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">斯宾塞的进化论和有机体论关于女性的看法强调平衡，认为男主外女主内是最好的制度安排，女人扮演好妻子母亲的角色，男人挣钱养家，就达到了社会的平衡。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">康德是在女性主义那里口碑最坏的哲学家，主要是因为他的厌女倾向和他对身体的轻视。例如他说：女性的天性完全由自然需要来定义，缺乏主见。由于这些弱点，女人需要男人的保护。由于恐惧和胆怯，女人不适宜于做学术工作。他有一次甚至说过这样无理的话：女学者的学问就像一块表，只是为了向他人展示炫耀，实际上是停摆的，显示不了时间。他说女人的哲学不是理性，只是感觉而已。他还说：只有女人想做男人，没有男人想做女人。由于这些言论和观点，康德成为女性主义主要的攻击对象。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">康德强调理性和客观性，将“人”等同于男性模式，仅仅在与男性的关系中定义女性，强调妻子对丈夫的服从，排斥女性的智力与政治权利，被认为是性别主义在哲学领域中的典型表现。在关于客观性和理性的辩论中，所谓理性完全是一副男性的面孔。女性主义挑战启蒙理性、普适性和道德共识的原因就在这里。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">但是也有人认为，从生态主义的视角来看，康德把女性与自然连在一起具有正面的意义 。它为女性在生态问题上占据优势地位提供了理论依据。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">黑格尔认为：“女人担任政府首脑时，国家就立即陷入危险，因为她们不是靠普遍标准来办事，而是凭一时之见和偏好来行事。”他认为，公共领域的非个人化的互动是由家庭中个人化的互动来补偿的。他的这些观点被女性主义批评为“性别的情感劳动分工”——由女性补偿男性在公共领域的艰辛。对于黑格尔，女性主义的批判角度主要在于将女性限制在家庭领域，将家庭领域的活动和道德等同于女性的活动和道德。“黑格尔是女性的掘墓人。”而他所掘的这个墓就是“家庭”，或“私人领域”。女性主义反对将这种“男主外女主内”的劳动分工永恒化、自然化，主张高度评价女性在公共领域的作用。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">女性主义认为，即使是为社会底层的工人阶级说话的马克思主义也没有完全摆脱男权制思维的羁绊，认为马克思主义只把生产无生命的物品当作劳动，而没有将养育孩子视为劳动。在“家庭中的自然劳动分工”问题上，“马克思主义理论没有为劳动的性别分工提供令人满意的历史解释。”在马克思主义那里，性别没有成为统治的特殊形式，独立的社会组织原则，这一点直到法兰克福学派的新马克思主义兴起时才有所改观。“工作”概念的性别盲点在马克思主义之后的当代经济理论中继续存在。女性在劳动市场上仍旧被赋予较小的价值，得到较少的报酬。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">存在主义与现象学是最多关注女性主义的哲学，反对抽象、理性，强调具体的“活的经验”，包括身体和情感经验。但所谓“人的存在”往往还是“男性存在”。在存在主义现象学中，海德格尔或多或少受到女性主义的青睐，因为他反对两分思维，提出过大量的女性主义命题。即使如此，他在其篇幅巨大的著述中也从未提及女性主义。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">梅洛·庞蒂特别关注女性主义，认为人的经验是“身体-主体”，心照不宣的、感官的、感觉的知识先于明确的、有意识的知识，人的身体不是自然形成的机体，而是由“历史的观念”建构而成的。身体，特别是性，是经由历史和文化塑造而成的。性不是孤立的生命动力，不是自然的禀赋。这些思想十分深刻。可惜他的男性异性恋视角将女性的身体放在观淫的男性凝视对象的位置上，将女性的身体自然化了。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">萨特的《存在与虚无》是高度性别主义（sexism）的，有人说这是偶然的，但有人认为是必然的。他的“为其自身的存在”是主动的、自由的、升华的男性的存在；他的“在其自身的存在”是内在的、被动的、害怕自由的女性存在。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">总而言之，当所有的男权制思想家、理论家为男性统治女性的历史、现实、制度和思想辩护时，他们说的是：是上帝或是自然迫使女性服从男性的。他们通过赋予男性某些品质（理性、逻辑、智力、灵魂），赋予女性另外一些品质（混乱的情感、无法控制的性欲等），将女性边缘化。男权制的逻辑并不直接说女性什么，而是用委婉的话去掩饰真正的含义，当它想维护既存制度促使女性屈从于男性时，所使用的却是诸如“保护家庭”一类的口号。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">在当今社会，男权制思想精英不敢再公开说女性是天生的二等公民，关于有某一类人生而低人一等的话语在21世纪的话语中没有合法性。但是，性别歧视的话语和观念还远远没有退出公共话语的舞台。男女平等的事业还将经历一个漫长而艰苦的跋涉过程。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">同与异的问题</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">在西方女性主义思想史中，差异是一个最充满争议也是最重要的概念。关于在性别关系中争取平等与保持差异的论争是女性主义理论的一个中心问题。到底女性应当争取同男性平等还是保持差异？同与异的问题因此成为女性主义理论论争中引起最多关注的问题。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">概括地说，在这个问题上有五种立场：</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">1、男女相异——男尊女卑，男权制，父权制</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">2、男女相同——男女平等，自由主义女性主义</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">3、男女相异——男女平等，社会主义女性主义</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">4、男女相异——女尊男卑，文化女性主义和激进女性主义</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">5、男女混合——男女界限不清因此难分高低，后现代女性主义</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">这五种立场虽然是并存的，但是它们又是基本上按时间顺序兴起与衰落的。传统的性别观念主张男强女弱，男尊女卑，男主女从，男主外女主内，强调男女的区别和差异，并以此作为性别不平等的基础。现代的性别观念不强调男性差异，提出“男女都一样”，批判男性气质和女性气质的刻板印象。随后发生了否定之否定，女性主义又重新强调男女差别，但是更激进、极端者为女性气质赋予前所未有的价值，发掘各种“女尊男卑”的文化、伦理和道德理念。最后，后现代的性别观念主张弱化两性的界限，以量的差异代替质的两分。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">在性别异同问题上的第一种立场是传统的男权制思想，它认为男女两性当然不同而且是天差地别，男尊女卑是再自然不过的正常秩序。这种思想观念已经盛行了几千年，是不公正、不正义的，又是十分陈旧过时的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">在过去的数千年间，这种思想观念与当时的社会现实互为因果，相辅相成，就连许多优秀的思想家也不能免俗。如前文所引，许多以智慧、深刻著称的思想家都有男尊女卑的看法。有时我想，对前人不应过分苛责，对他们的预见能力也不能抱太高的期望。当时的社会现实是女人终生呆在私领域中，她们在公领域中行动的能力完全无法显现。如果要求一个属于既得利益群体的成员能够意识到边缘群体的利益和要求，那是过高的奢望。前面引述的许多大思想家在性别问题上令人遗憾的浅薄看法，其实只是当时世人的一般看法而已，我们只能说它不高明，但是并不特别令人鄙夷。倒是在21世纪世事大变、女性生存状况大变之后还坚持此种立场的人，才真正不可救药。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">性别异同问题上的第二种立场是早期女性主义的观点，认为男女两性没有什么差异，因此要争取男女平等。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">女性运动第一波时（19世纪），女性主义认为：男女在本质上没有不同，由于教育等后天原因才分出了等级。因为男女原本无差异，所以男女才应当平等。波伏瓦就是从理性角度否认差异的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">男女无差异的思想最早出现于1588年，启蒙思想家蒙田（Michel de Montaigne）指出：“我认为男性和女性是同一个模型制造出来的。如果不看教育和风俗，两性的区别不大。”（转引自Blakemore, et al., 55）</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">持这一立场的女性主义者即使承认男女两性有差异，也一定要强调两性的相似点超过相异点。“男人女人当然不同。但他们的不同并不像白天与黑夜、天与地、阴与阳、生与死那么不同。事实上，从自然的观点来看，男人和女人比他们同其他许多事物都更接近——比如，大山、袋鼠或可可树。那种认为男人女人之间的差别大于他们与其他事物差别的观点必定不符合自然……相互排斥的性别认同所反映出来的远远不是自然的区别，而是对自然相似性的压制。它要求这种压制，所使用的标准是男人根据‘男性’特征的地方版本；女人根据‘女性’特征的地方定义。性别的分工具有压制每个人的个性特征某些方面的作用，无论男人还是女人。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">在性别问题上，从认为男女不同，到主张男女相同，再到强调差异的否定之否定，最早是由法国女性主义者提出来的。1970年代中期，后结构主义女性主义反对波伏瓦的观点，强调差异，强调不要用男性的标准要求自己。伊丽加莱强调把政治的重心从回应式批判改变为肯定正面的与男性价值相对立的价值，在主张男女平等的前提之下强调男女之间的差异。直接的原因是，她们认为此前的女性主义已经丢掉了女性的特征。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">米利特也持这种观点，她说：“男性和女性确实属于两种文化。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">这种观点既反对夸大差异，也反对缩小差异。它提出要同时反对两种偏差：阿尔法偏差是指夸大差异，认为男女有对立的相互不包容的品质和特征；贝塔偏差是指忽视、缩小差异，只看男性特征。（Herrmann, et al., 84-88）</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">在中国，此种观点的典型表达是这样的：“女性解放历程中，关于女人有了许多新的说法，比如说‘男女都一样’，站在男性优势的角度力图抬举女人。还有当今风靡西方学界的‘后现代’，在‘反本质主义’的旗帜下坚决否认男女两性之间‘质’的差异，也是为了更彻底地解放女性——但，无论你在政治上在理论上怎样操作，男女其实仍然不同。至少在今天乃至相当长一段时间内，天生就有的‘生理’差异和不可更改的‘历史’差距仍然结构着男女两性不尽相同的‘集体命运’，男男女女仍然难以逃脱。”“在反对生物决定论的意义上，我赞同波伏瓦的立场，但并不认为这些生物学上的性别差异于女人的社会存在‘毫无意义’。不错，它不能证明女人‘不如’男人，但它确定使得女人‘不同’于男人。”这种观点既不赞成男女相同的看法，也不赞成抹杀男女界限的看法，既主张男女平等，又坚持承认差异。第四种观点比较激进和极端，它强调男女两性的差异，并且认为在这种区别中女性属于比较高明的一方。例如：从伦理道德方面看，女性就高于男性，女性的自我牺牲、母性和关怀伦理高于男性的自我中心、残忍、看重攻击性和竞争性的道德标准。吉利根在其名著《不同的声音》中提出，过去的伦理只关注正义和权利，贬低关爱与责任，剥夺了女性的独立性，否定了女性气质的优越性。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">这种观点又被批评为颠倒过来的生理决定论。它不仅承认两性的基本区别，并且赞美它，使之纳入女性主义的政治议程。例如赞美诸如和平、关爱、养育性一类的女性特征；贬低以攻击性、好战性、毁灭性为典型的男性特征。19世纪的女性达尔文主义者甘博（Eliza Gamble）赞美“地球母亲”、“大地女神”，反达尔文之道而行之，主张女性在本质上高于男性。无独有偶，有为男同性恋者辩护的学者认为，男同性恋者比异性恋男性优越，因为他们敏感度较强，具有更多的艺术创造性，更发达的情感发展。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">艾格说：“强调男女区别，这一区别是女性最可喜的解放。她们不必再参与男性的世界，而可以超越男性的世界。男性被剥夺了非线性的想象力。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">强调两性差异的做法在女性主义运动中具有明显的策略动机。女性主义运动中形成了两个策略派别：差异最小化和差异最大化。例如，在争取投票权时，前者强调女性像男性的方面较多，不像男性的方面较少，因此应当像男性一样拥有投票权；而后者则强调女性的特长，比如哺育性和道德感强，因此应当拥有选举权。在20世纪60-70年代，差异最小化的一派占上风；80年代以后，差异最大化一派占了上风。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">上世纪90年代，一种新的思潮在女性主义运动中崛起，它从根本上反对两分的思维模式，认为两性的界限其实是模糊不清的，并且主张进一步混淆两性之间的界限。对性别问题的这种看法受到后现代思潮和多元文化论的影响。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">这种观点认为，过去人们心中的差异总是分上下等级的，总是两分的。这是一种应当批判和否定的思维方式。这种理论主张：同中有异，异中有同。与过去两分世界的对立政治不同，这种立场主张差异政治：人有各种差异，但是不一定是对立和截然两分的状况，而是一个以黑白为两极的充满各种间色的色谱样系统。在他们眼中，性别问题不再是简单的两极分化，而被视为一个复杂的、多侧面的、动态的体系。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">后现代的本体论否定本体性的传统模式，力图克服心灵身体两分模式，主张身体是可变的，不是天生和永恒不变的。它甚至反对女性主义早期提出的对生理性别和社会性别的经典区分，反对那种一向占据统治地位的普遍看法：生理性别是自然的、生理的、肉体的；社会性别是政治的、文化的。他们认为，就连生理性别也是经由社会建构而成的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">在同与异的问题上，强调差异曾是法西斯主义把人分为等级的基础，差异实际上就是“不如”。生理决定论和本质主义的一个基本观点就是，一些人比另一些人低级。同异问题上的两难来自现实生活的需求：在现实生活中，否定差异是不对的，因为男女两性的需求是有差异的，需要不同的对待。这主要表现在生育、哺养孩子方面的差异。但是如果承认两性差别，似乎又为男女不平等的现状找到了依据。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">在我看来，性别的异同问题其实可以按照一个简单的原则来处理：争取两性政治权利上的平等，但是承认并保持其他方面的差异。将性别问题上的立场区分为战略和策略两个层面：在短期的策略层面上，强调男女两性的同一性，以争取现实生活之中两性的平等权利；在长期的战略层面上，消解男性与女性的性别身份，保留个人的差异，为丰富多彩的个性的实现创造充分的条件。</span></p>