宋朝比清朝强在哪里？ – 纵览中国-China In Perspective

<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 28px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">前言 <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　有人一提中国传统，完全是负面情绪：“落后、封闭、愚味”，比如刘仲敬阿姨。事实并非如此，华夏文明在世界文明史中，一度是非常辉煌、非常开放、非常文明的存在，<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; line-height: 24px; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">陈寅恪先生认为“华夏民族之文化，历数千载之演进，造极于赵宋之世” ，直到<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">被北方游牧民族的入侵打断。元明清三朝，华夏文明走了千年下坡路，张宏杰所著《中国国民性演变历程》对此有深刻描述。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　为便于理解，特转发吴钩先生总结的宋朝与清朝的历史细节对比，让我们直观感受近千年社会的变迁。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　蓝字为简评。　<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　1、【文人煽颠】 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　北宋时期，四川有个文人，献诗成都知府说：“把断剑门烧栈道，西川别是一乾坤。”意在鼓动四川割据独立。成都知府赶紧上报朝廷。宋仁宗批复说：“老秀才要官耳，不足治也。给他个小官。” <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　六百年后，又有一个叫曾静的文人，鼓动川陕总督岳钟琪起兵反清，结果雍正掀起一场文字狱，将其九族连同弟子门生全部下狱，再后来，乾隆刚刚即位就下令将那曾静等人“咔嚓”掉。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　曾静是个湖南书生，他认为岳钟琪是岳飞后人，故投书岳钟琪鼓动反清，岳马上举报。雍正帝认为曾静是迂腐文人危害不大，为显示自己的光明正大和宽宏大量，还将与曾静的问答，编成一本《大义觉迷录》，对华夷之分和雍正夺嫡等传言进行批驳，还让曾静到江南各地宣讲皇帝恩德。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　曾案牵连出了吕留良案，吕留良在著作、文章中展现出的民族节慨与反清复明思想，让雍正帝极为恼怒，成为清代思想罪文字狱之首。吕留良虽然已经去世49年，依然被开棺戮尸，子孙及学生或斩首或流徙宁古塔为奴，全部遗著被禁并焚毁。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　乾隆即位不久，认为《大义觉迷录》影响满清形象，列为禁书，将曾静以“诽谤先帝”罪名凌迟处死。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　2、【大臣密奏】 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　宋真宗问宰相李沆：“一些大臣有密启，为什么你没有？”李沆说：“臣有公事则公言之，何用什么密奏？搞密奏者非谗即佞，我深为厌恶，岂可效尤？” <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　到了清朝，官员则以获得密奏之权为荣，浙江布政使请求雍正：“藩臬皆赐折奏，仰恳圣恩，赐臣一例用折”。获准，像狗一样兴奋得直摇尾。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　清代的告密是制度化的。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　清代康雍乾，是中国文字狱的高峰。在长达一百多年的时间里，他们大规模地实施文字狱，不仅残酷迫害汉族知识分子，而且以修《四库全书》为名大规模毁灭古代华夏文化典籍。仅《清朝文字狱》列举的文字狱，康熙朝13宗，雍正朝20宗，乾隆朝达到惊人的140宗。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　乾隆年间，曾任五部尚书的梁诗正说过：“笔墨招非，人心难测，凡在仕途者遇有一切字迹，必须时刻留心，免贻后患。”“一切字迹最关重要……即偶有无用稿纸亦必焚毁”。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　极度高压之下，人们不敢留字迹，不敢说话，整个社会当然“万马齐喑”，哪来的人才和创新。龚自珍的感慨，和某人之问，都是废话。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　3、【君主风格】 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　宋朝的仁宗皇帝似乎没什么主见，政事无论大小，都交给朝臣公议，议出一个结果来再施行。所以时人说仁宗「百事不会，只会做官家」。 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　清朝的乾隆皇帝非常有主见，什么事都由他说了算，又识武功、打仗、杀人，又会写诗（看到名画文物就题烂诗）、泡妞、游山玩水，还会制造文字狱、收缴全国图书肆意篡改删销，啥都懂，自号为「十全老人」。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　有二句简单易懂的话：<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　兵熊熊一个，将熊熊一窝。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　乾隆皇帝自以为建立了前所未有的丰功伟绩，然而站在人类近代发展史的角度上，这所谓的盛世实在是一个莫大的讽刺。乾隆和华盛顿都死于1799年，乾隆给儿子嘉庆留下了如此“<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">遗产”：一是百年盛世的黄昏，二是中国历史第一贪、当时的全球首富和珅，人们在康乾盛世中醉生梦死。而乔治·华盛顿留下的是另外一种遗产，他领导了一场独立战争，让北美地区摆脱英国统治，成为一个独立的联邦制民主国家。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　4、【伶人问政】 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　宋徽宗时，有伶人演滑稽戏，讥讽宋朝的福利政策导致“百姓一般受无量苦”，徽宗听了，“为恻然长思，弗以为罪”。 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　清朝时，内廷戏班演戏，因曲伎俱佳，获赏赐酒食。席间一伶人无意问，当今常州长官是谁？雍正暴怒：“你乃优伶贱辈，胆敢擅问官守？其风实不可长！”命人将那伶人活活打死了。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　夷人掌权百年，依然心虚之极。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　5、【朋党风险】 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　北宋时期，欧阳修写过一篇《朋党论》，为朋党正名，提出君子结党之说，开北宋政党政治雏形之理论先河，让宋仁宗“终为感悟”。 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　六百年后，雍正对欧阳修之论特别不爽，专门写了一篇御制《朋党论》，驳斥欧阳修的“异说”，还杀气腾腾说，“设修在今日而为此论，朕必斥之，以正其惑世之罪”。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">大清治政理念核心就是“弱民”“愚民”。 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　6、【谥号风波】 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　夏竦死了，宋仁宗赐谥号“文正”。刘原父很不爽，上疏质问皇帝：“谥者，有司之事，陛下奈何侵之乎？”最后改谥“文庄”。 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　六百年后，尹嘉铨给乾隆皇帝上疏，为他老爹请谥，并请从祀文庙。乾隆大怒：你尹嘉铨算什么人，“竟大肆狂吠，不可恕矣”。下令将其凌迟处死，后开恩，改为<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">绞立决。皇恩浩荡，没有犬决。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　汉家传统为君臣之分，游牧民族为主奴之分。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; list-style: none; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">孔子说:“<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; list-style: none; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">以道事君,不可则止<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; list-style: none; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">。”<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; list-style: none; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">孟子更狠：“<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">君之视臣如手足，则臣视君如腹心；君之视臣如犬马，则臣视君如国人；君之视臣如土芥，则臣视君如寇仇<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">。” <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　7、【宰相职权】 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　程颐对大宋皇帝说：“天下重任，唯宰相与经筵。天下治乱系宰相，君德成就责经筵。”宋朝皇帝也没觉得程先生说的有什么问题。 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　六百年后，乾隆对程颐这句话感到特别不爽，专门写了一篇文章，批判程颐，意思是说，你一个臣子，居然敢以天下之治乱为己任，你这是目无君上，此尤大不可也！<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #0052ff; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　钱穆认为：相权是对君权的一种<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #0052ff; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">制衡。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #0052ff; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　以道事君的士人精神，是儒家的传统<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0052ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; line-height: 24px; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">。 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　8、【士子尊严】 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　宋神宗一次与程颢论及人才，神宗说：“朕未之见也。”程颢立即质问皇帝：“陛下奈何轻天下士？”宋神宗只好耸然曰：“朕不敢！朕不敢！” <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　六百年后，我大清盛世，纪晓岚为协办大学士，尝论国事，遭乾隆叱斥：“朕以汝文字尚优，故使领四库书，实不过以倡优蓄之，汝何敢妄议国事？”<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #0052ff; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　所谓盛世，不过纸糊尔。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　9、【义庄救济】 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　范仲淹创立的范氏义庄，其中有条规矩：凡族人嫁女，给钱三十贯；出嫁的女儿若因故改嫁，给钱二十贯。可见宋人对女性改嫁是持怜悯态度的，尽可能给予人道资助。 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　到了清代，范氏义庄的规则改为鼓励寡妇殉节：达到守节年限者可领双份米粮资助，如果“失志不终者”，则不予资助。这便是宋清两个时代精神的差异。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">对女性的压迫越重，社会的自由度越小。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　看看沙特伊朗穆斯林女性的遭遇，就能够理解伊斯兰的文明水平。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　10、【对外贸易】 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　公元987年，宋太宗派遣使者，带着敕书金帛，分为四路前往海南诸蕃国，招徕蕃商来华贸易，此后海上丝绸之路逐渐走向繁荣的巅峰。 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　大约八百年后，公元1793年，大英帝国派遣马戛尔尼出使中国，希望中英通商。但乾隆老大拒绝了这一要求，给英王复信说：大清物产丰盈，无所不有，不藉外夷货物以通有无。想象一下，如果跟马戛尔尼相遇的是宋朝。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　历史虽然无法假设，但可以推理。按照宋朝的开放与心胸，会有与乾隆朝完全不同的结果。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　11、【门户开放】 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　南宋时，北至淮南，中经杭州湾和福州、漳州、泉州，南至广州湾、琼州海峡，整个宋境的海岸线都对外开放，与西洋、南洋诸国发展商业贸易。 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　到了清朝，先是厉行三十年海禁，不许片板出海，违令者斩。康熙后期才设四口通商，但他的龟孙乾隆又将四口通商改为一口通商，关闭江、浙、闽海关，只保留广州一个口岸与西洋、南洋通商。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　封闭锁国，不是唐宋传统。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　12、【重商轻商】 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　或说中国传统社会有轻商倾向，但宋代的学者如叶适、陈耆卿，已提出“四民皆本”，宋代事实上也成为最重视商业的时代。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　明代的王阳明、黄宗羲等人也提出“四民异业而同道”、“工商皆本”之说。但满清立国，中国又重返抑末崇本、贱商重农之路，雍正说，“农为天下之本务，而工贾皆其末也。”<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　学坏容易学好难。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　13、【奴隶制度】 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　社会进步的一个标志是人身依附的降低，唐朝之前还有奴隶制，奴隶为贱民，属主家私产，宋朝时期在法律上已废除贱民，奴婢跟主家不再是人身依附关系，而是经济结合关系，相当于近代资本主义雇佣关系。 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　蒙元统治从草原带入主奴关系，满清入关，又再次殖入主奴关系，“严分着主奴”，即使到晚清，满洲人内部仍保持着奴隶制习气，很多汉人也被改造成奴性十足的包衣奴才，满洲人统治中国的结果是“文化灭绝与精神奴化”。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　见第六条，汉统是君臣关系，满人是主奴关系。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　14、【城市人口】 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　城市化是检验一个社会发达程度的重要指标。宋代的城市化水平是历代最高的，北宋人口在1亿左右，城市人口达20.1%，南宋的城市人口更是达到22.4%。 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　六百年后，大清帝国的城市化水平下降到什么程度呢？只有7%左右，跌入历史谷底。直到20世纪70年代，中国的城市人口比重一直都未能恢复到22%的水准。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　城市化，意味着可以实现低成本的公共服务，通过人们的分工合作与商品交换，财富被大量创造。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　15、【圣君塑造】 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　宋朝人将宋仁宗塑造成尧舜那样的圣君，清朝人也将康熙、乾隆形容为尧舜式的圣君。看起来好像是同一回事，都是儒家在拍皇帝的马屁。但其实区别非常大。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　宋人是在仁宗去世后才将他塑造成圣君的，目的是要树立一个帝王准则，以约束眼前的君主。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">清朝人则是将活着的满洲皇帝吹捧为圣君，目的是要树立皇权的绝对权威。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　华夷之辨，是根本问题。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　16、【经筵差别】 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　经筵制度在清代发生了非常荒谬的变异，——宋、明经筵均是由士大夫教化皇帝，清代经筵居然变成了由皇帝训导士大夫：当讲筵官讲毕，满清皇帝即发表一通御论，然后讲官们跪赞：“皇上圣学高深，发从前所未发，诚足羽翼经传，昭示万世。臣等不胜欣荣之至。”满清皇帝俨然已是“天生圣人”，君师一体。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　华夏士人的传统是“从道不从君”。就算明朝开国皇帝朱元璋看了《孟子》后，说孟子的很多话实在是没有规矩“非臣子所宜言”，下令将孟子逐出文庙，剥夺吃冷猪肉的资格。到了嘉庆年间，大臣们仍为皇统问题与皇帝大议礼，相持不下。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　这在满清朝是不可想象的。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　17、【道统政统】 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　清代李光地曾大拍康熙的马屁：“伏惟皇上乘天之命，任斯道之统。”另一名经筵官也露骨地吹捧康熙：“（皇上）治统、道统之要兼备无遗矣。”<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　我们知道，在宋人构建的理学谱系中，从未将“三代”之后的君主列入其中，而清代士大夫却将康熙捧为“道统”的接班人。“道统”的独立性与高贵性从此丧失殆尽。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　上有所好，下必甚焉。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　清朝，离华夏道统远矣。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　18、【大臣气质】 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　宋代士大夫是一群有脾气的人。宋仁宗时，张知白（一说是张升）担任台谏官，“言事无所避”。一日仁宗皇帝找他谈话，大概是说他“孤寒”（孤单），没有朋友，要注意说话的方寸之类。张知白一听，回敬了皇帝一句：“臣非孤寒，陛下才孤寒。”仁宗问道：“何也？”张知白说：“臣家有妻孥，外有亲戚，何来孤寒？陛下只有宫女相伴，岂非孤寒？”说得仁宗神情黯淡，回到内宫，与皇后说起这事，忍不住流泪。为什么？因为仁宗年事渐高，而他所生育的儿子都夭折了，膝下确实孤单。张知白那番话，戳中了皇帝内心最痛苦的地方。但宋仁宗不能因此怪罪张知白，张知白还是继续当他的台谏官。 <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　清代士大夫呢？没脾气了。最典型者，就如大学士曹振镛的为官秘诀所言：多磕头少说话。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">看下辛弃疾的二首词<p style="margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #0052ff; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">南乡子·登京口北固亭有怀<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　何处望神州？<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">满眼风光北固楼。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　千古兴亡多少事？<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">悠悠。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">不尽长江滚滚流。 <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　年少万兜鍪，坐断东南战未休。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　天下英雄谁敌手？<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">曹刘。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">生子当如孙仲谋。<p style="margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #0052ff; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　丑奴儿·书博山道中壁<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　少年不识愁滋味，爱上层楼。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　爱上层楼。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　为赋新词强说愁。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　而今识尽愁滋味，欲说还休。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; line-height: 24px; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">欲说还休。<p style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　却道天凉好个秋。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　一面是豪情万丈、回肠荡气；一面是用笔细腻、婉约柔美。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; line-height: 24px; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">后世再未见这样的文笔。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">要到了满清朝，<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; line-height: 24px; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">辛弃疾<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这样写文章，随便定个枉议的罪名，估计就给咔嚓了。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　满清皇帝明确说，朝廷不需要奸臣，也不需要名臣，只需要听话办事的奴才，这才是游牧民族本色。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><hr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 28px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">后记<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　很好玩的张发财有句话：“当权者内心存在文化自卑感时，对文字敏感，进而化作被迫害妄想症”，比如流民皇帝朱元璋、张献忠之流，都对知识分子群体大肆杀戮。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如果是异族统治者，除了敏感症，还会产生环境焦虑症和陌生恐惧症。还不止如此，历史学者孙青瑜认为，一个文化上的弱势民族，从北方的蛮荒之地入主富庶中原，统治一个高度智慧的民族<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">，其文化心理是相当复杂的，复杂的文化心理继而又转化成民族敌视。这也是清朝皇帝始终疑神疑鬼，心胸狭隘的根源。正所谓：“清风不识字，何必乱翻书”，学坏容易学好难。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　回望千年前的宋朝，真是光辉灿烂。 <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　科学技术：火药、活字印刷和指南针，这三大发明改变了整个世界文明的发展进程。在<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">农业方面，实施水稻的双季栽植，棉花成为普及性农作物。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">算盘开始应用。北宋杨忠辅制定《统天历》，一年误差只有26秒，与欧洲<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">十六世纪颁布公历的数据相同。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　市场发展：政策开放，交易活跃，纸钞出现。税收主体是工商业，而不是农业。宋熙宁10年（1077）税赋总收入共7070万贯，其中农业的两税2162万贯，占30.5%，工商税4911万贯，占69.5%。而到南宋淳熙年间，非农业税更是接近85%。有心人不妨对比一下近代数据。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　人文教育：宋时文化极为发达，唐宋八大家有六大家同时出现。除了公立教育，私人办学也很普遍，书院兴起，<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; line-height: 24px; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">朱熹、<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; line-height: 24px; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">陆九渊、<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; line-height: 24px; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">周敦颐、程颢等各派自由讲学<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">。闻名全国的有石鼓、岳麓、白鹿洞和应天书院，称为四大书院。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; font-family: 宋体; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　社会秩序：治安相当好，宋朝是中国历史上仅有的两个没有爆发过全国性农民起义的大型王朝之一，宋江、方腊等都不超过一省的范围。还有一个是西晋，但西晋不过四五十年，而宋朝历经三百多年。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　军事能力：重文轻武的宋朝，却坚持抵抗蒙古大军数十年。当时蒙古铁蹄横扫欧亚大陆，其它国家要么无条件投降或屠城，南宋是蒙古人攻占的最后一个堡垒。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　政治文明：北宋政党现象的出现，以王安石为首的改革党和以司马光为首的保守党轮流执政近百年，这是世界政治史的奇迹。 <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　可以说，宋朝就是中国的文艺复兴时期。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial; color: #000000; visibility: visible; zoom: 1; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">　　回望宋朝，才能理解华夏文明。