资本主义需要重新设计

<div><span style="line-height: 1.75; background-color: #fff1e0; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14px; "></span></div><div>&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2012/Jan/127201227-4.jpg" width="285" height="150" alt="" />&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">一年一度的达沃斯论坛,都在一月份的最后一周举行,已有</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">42</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">年历史。每年都有个宏大主题。它是一个精密的&#8220;议程设置&#8220;工程,用来测试该年度全球政界商界和意见领袖的脉搏和体温。今年的主题是</span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">&#8220;</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">Big Transformation: Shaping New Models</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">&#8221;</span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">(</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">大转型:寻找新模式</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">)</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">。对来自中国的与会者,这类主题很熟悉,是老生常谈,甚至有时空穿越的错觉。</span></p> <p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">值得一提的是,过去</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">30</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">多年中,改革、转型和新模式这些用语,几乎独用于中国、越南以及前苏联、东欧一党威权国家向市场经济的演革过程,但很少用于对资本主义制度的思考和反思。</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">1979</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">年之后,中国由复出的务实派领导人邓小平主政,开始改革开放。</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">30</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">多年来,虽然对转型的理解一直存有差异,但它已成为中国社会从上至下最恒久和高度认同的集体意识:</span></p> <p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">不改革,中国别无出路。我们很少听到&#8220;改革资本主义&#8221;的呼吁,可能是基于一个共识或前提:彼岸以市场经济和选举民主为特征的资本主义实践,已在制度竞赛中胜出,已成型完备,进入长期的稳定。</span></p> <p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">这次看到达沃斯会议手册上&#8220;大转型:寻找新模式&#8221;的字眼,我的第一个反应是,在</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">2008</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">全球金融危机爆发三年之后,面对欧美经济的结构性危机,达沃斯论坛&#8212;&#8212;这个全球资本主义的信奉者和推进者,不得不思考改革了。长达五天的议程,有近</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">300</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">个分会场的讨论和活动。</span></p> <p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p> <p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">头天清早,第一场就是&#8220;资本主义大辩论&#8221;。我赶去旁听时,过道上已站满了人。主持人问,</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">20</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">世纪的资本主义制度,能否适应</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">21</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">世纪的现实?</span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">开场伊始,他对在座的几百位代表做了一个举手民调。结果发现,将近一半在座者认为,资本主义无法应对</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">21</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">世纪。两成左右觉得资本主义并无大碍。余下的是谨慎的游离派。</span></p> <p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">五人嘉宾阵容,颇有象征意味:澳大利亚人巴罗</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">(Sharan Burrow)</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">,总部设在布鲁塞尔的全球工会联盟(</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">ITUC</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">)的总干事长,国际工运最高领导人;金融界领军人物、美洲银行</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">(Bank of America)</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">首席执行官莫尼汉</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">(Brian T Moynihan)</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">;芝加哥大学金融学教授让江</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">(Raghuram G Rajan)</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">;私募基金&#8212;&#8212;凯雷</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">(Carlyle)</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">联合创始人兼总裁鲁宾斯坦</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">(David M Rubenstein)</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">;以及电信集团阿尔卡特</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">-</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">朗讯</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">(Alcatel-Lucent)</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">总裁佛瓦言</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">(Ben J. Verwaayan)</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">。</span></p> <p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">每位嘉宾都代表着不同的利益和价值诉求:工会劳工的,金融资本主义的,学界的,跨国服务业的。</span></p> <p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:21.0pt;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">达沃斯虽是资本主义大本营,但崇尚多元,也不惧争议。它每年都邀请不少工会领袖出席,</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">80</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">年代还曾邀请与铁娘子撒切尔斗法的英国煤炭工会领袖斯卡基尔</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">(Arther Scargill)</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">演讲。在那次演讲中,斯卡基尔宣告说,资本主义制度一定会死亡。</span></p> <p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">坐在正中的巴罗女士率先亮明劳工阶层观点。她说,富人避税已经成为一场全球游戏。贫富差距越来越悬殊。资本主义已失去方向;公司拥有有过多权力;金融业正将你致于死地。</span></p> <p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">&#8220;资方人士&#8221;佛瓦言立即反驳:&#8220;资本主义仍是全世界很多人很向往的制度。它创造了财富,机会和自由。资本主义作为价值和理念没有大问题。问题在于如何应用?&#8221;(这段话令我想起,中国</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: Arial; ">80</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; ">年代对共产主义意识形态的争论中,也出现过同样的逻辑&#8212;&#8212;共产主义理论没有问题,问题出在实施。)</span></p> <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;">&nbsp;</p></div></div>


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