<div style="text-align: -webkit-center;"><font color="#0000ff" face="SimSun"><span style="font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></font></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 在中华人民共和国的最初年代里,中共新政权对上海大众文化进行全面改造。实行计划体制和确立国家意识形态的统帅地位是改造的两大目标。实现这两大目标的关键,则是将大批文化市场的自由职业者纳入国家计划之下的单位,使之按照党和政府的要求,办报出书,写戏演戏,拍片映片,从而成为国家意识形态系统中的“螺丝钉”注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 这是一场政治运动与文化改造相同步、相纠缠、相交织的国家与社会的博弈。国家权力主导下的计划文化体制改革只用了不到四年时间便摧枯拉朽般地取代了上海文化消费市场,但新政权对上海文化人的掌控却不像延安时期改造从上海投奔革命的“亭子间文人”那样得心应手。知识分子思想改造运动虽然因袭了中共革命时期的政治传统,但战略考虑和策略选择上都发生了一些重要的变化。上海文化消费领域里的各种类型、不同层次的文化人也不都是消极被动挨批,更不如通常理解的那样,都是违心的检查和服从,真诚的呼应和能动的抵制同样呈现在这一过程之中。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 本文选取</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1949</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年至</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1953</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年上海私营报业改造为研究路径,以《文汇报》为核心案例,重点描述新政权与一群文化人建立新认同的复杂过程。试图透过文化体制急剧转型的表层,去揭示上海的文化人和知识者如何应对这场疾风暴雨的变革,进而探讨中华人民共和国早期国家与都市社会如何构建新的权力关系。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""><strong>扶助与控制:新格局中的旧报业</strong></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 还在西柏坡谋划新中国大政方针之时,中共已经将建国后新闻事业的各项原则基本定夺。新闻事业的新格局是共产党领导的中央行政计划主导的国营媒体网络。就其功能而言,则是执政党及其国家意识形态的宣传工具。新的报业格局是各级党委主管的党报为统领的国营报业体系。这一设计的核心理念是阶级斗争工具论,即认为新闻事业是“一定的阶级、党派与社会团体进行阶级斗争的一种工具,不是生产事业”注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">3</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,与都市大众文化市场的消费品绝不能同日而语。形成这一格局虽然需要时日,需要部署,但从一开始中共就秉承“全党办报”之传统,紧紧抓住三大要素:自上而下的党管报纸的机构和制度的建立,党报及其权威地位的确立,民营报业的控制与改造,以此推动报业国营化、报纸政治化的进程。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 严密的新闻管理机构和严格的新闻审查及纪律规定,是党管报纸的组织及制度保证。中央人民政府成立后,政务院文化教育委员会所属的新闻总署即成为掌管全国新闻事业的行政权威机构。但中共中央同时强调,政府文教委及其所属机构必须“在党(通过政府党组)的领导和党外民主人士的参与下负起管理全国文化教育行政的任务”,有关重大问题仍需按照此前相关的中央文件规定,“经过党的系统,向中央报告和请示”。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">自</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1948</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月起各中央局、分局宣传部,每半年向中宣部“作一次系统的情况报告”的制度继续执行,其中之第一项报告内容便是“党的与非党的报纸种类、发行数,编辑、记者、通讯员的数目”。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 关于新闻出版的审查和纪律,中共中央下达了明确指示。规定各地党报社论、涉及政治性和政策性的编者按语及答读者问,“必须由党委的一个或几个负责人阅正批准后,才能发表。凡该级党委所不能负责答复的问题,应请示上级党委或新华总社,而不应轻率答复”;各地新华社要求向全国广播的稿件,新华总社有“必要的增删或修改之权”,“凡要求新华总社向全国广播全文的重要言论,在新华总社广播以前,不得先在地方发表”。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 党报建设迅速推进。人民共和国成立前夕,中共决定建立从中央到地方的党报系统,以此为全国报纸的示范和引领。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1948</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月至</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">8</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月,中共中央两次就党报问题发出指示,要求各级党委的负责人切实担负起领导党报的责任,确保党报“主要是为工人和农民服务”的方向,并逐步积累“在城市办报的经验”。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">7</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 在建立国营报业的总目标牵引下,中共对民营报纸作了统筹考虑。总的指导原则是根据报纸的政治态度,区别对待。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1948</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">11</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">8</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,中共中央发出《关于新解放城市中中外报刊通讯社的处理办法》,明确“对于私营报纸、刊物与通讯社,一般地不能采取对私营工商业同样的政策,除对极少数真正鼓励群众革命热情的进步报纸刊物,应扶助其复刊发行以外,对其他私营的报纸刊物与通讯社,均不应采取鼓励政策”,但要区别对待旧有报刊中“有反动的政治背景”的和“少数中间性的和进步的”,既不能“毫无限制的放任”,也不能“不分青红皂白,轻率地一律取消”。这个文件还点名上海《申报》《新闻报》,是“有明显而确实的反动政治背景,又曾进行系统的反动宣传,反对共产党、人民解放军与人民政府,拥护国民党反动统治”的报纸,指示“应予没收”。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">8</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 遵照中央的部署和政策,人民解放军一进驻大上海,中共的党、政、军领导机关就着手上海报业破旧立新的工作。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 新闻出版的领导和组织机构从</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1949</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月底起相继建立。由上海市军管会主任陈毅亲自挂帅的文化教育管理委员会下属的新闻出版处负责接管新闻机构和报刊的登记工作。新闻出版工作的领导责任由中共中央华东局宣传部和上海市委宣传部担负,两部分别设置的新闻出版处为职能部门,管理各报的编辑业务。华东军政委员会成立新闻出版局,上海市人民政府下设新闻出版处,行使对各报的经营管理权。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1950</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">~</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月间,鉴于非公营报业的中共党员人数甚少,除新闻日报外,其余各报均无法成立党支部,《文汇报》只有</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">名党员,连党小组都无法建立,上海市委组织部、宣传部便根据党章规定,酝酿在“群众性的同业公会”——上海市新闻协会中建立党组,“指定在各报社担任负责工作、能起作用的党员”为其成员。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">19</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,新闻协会党组正式成立,由市委宣传部派出的及指定的各报</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">10</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">名党员组成,军管会文教委员会秘书长、解放日报社副社长陈虞孙为书记。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">9</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">这个党组在私营报业乃至上海新闻界的作用举足轻重。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 上海党报备受重视。经中共中央决定,延安时代党中央机关报报名《解放日报》给予上海。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1949</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">28</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">中共中央华东局和上海市委机关报《解放日报》创刊,华东局和上海市委为解放日报社配备了强大的领导阵容,由中共党内的资深办报人范长江、恽逸群、魏克明、陈虞孙、陈祥生等组成社务委员会和编辑委员会,全盘接收了《申报》原有的场馆和设备,并沿袭了《申报》的管理制度。华东局还特设党报委员会,凸显党报地位,加强党对报纸的领导注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">10</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。强有力的政治保证和民国第一大报的硬件条件打底,《解放日报》一问世就显现出上海第一大报的势头。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 在上海报业立新的同时,号称全国新闻中心的旧报业迅速瓦解。市军管会和人民政府的报告显示,上海解放仅两月,实行军管和接管的“报馆通讯社</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">个”,“停止了国民党反动派办的报纸和过去作为反动喉舌的报纸,刊行了人民的报纸,实行了两家报纸的改组,扶助了过去在国民党时代受压迫而停刊的进步报纸的复刊”。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">11</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">国民党党政军各系统官办以及官僚资本独资举办的《中央日报》《时事新报》等</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">14</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">家报刊被市军管会接管后停刊。官商合股的《申报》《新闻报》被接管后,受到不同对待。前者彻底终结,以《解放日报》全新开始;后者改组为公私合营《新闻日报》,进入新的报业体系。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">43</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">家中国人办的民营报纸按军管会要求前往登记,获准登记的只有</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">14</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">家,未获批准的或自行停业,或陆续由军管部门接管。外商外侨的报纸也先后退出上海。英商《字林西报》、美商《大美晚报》因取敌视立场受到军管会警告于</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1951</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年先告停刊,其余外报也坚持未久,到</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1953</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年全部销声匿迹。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">12</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 在新旧报业的激烈变动中,《文汇报》《大公报》《新民报》晚刊等几家上海民营大报以及《亦报》等几家民营小报获得了继续生存的权利和空间。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 从</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1948</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年到</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1949</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年,为筹备新政协和开国大典,中共热情邀请和精心安排数百民主人士、知识精英和文化名人从香港启程,取道东北、华北、山东解放区到北平,与他们进行广泛接触和交流,这就是中华人民共和国建国史上著名的“知北游”。《大公报》的王芸生、《文汇报》的徐铸成、《新民报》的赵超构等上海报界名流均受到邀请。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1949</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">3</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">至</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月,徐铸成利用北上之机会,数次就《文汇报》回上海复刊一事与中共有关领导商议注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">13</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,并得到中共中央统战部部长李维汉和负责新闻出版接管工作的范长江明确首肯。大公、新民两报也获得建国后继续办报的指示。徐铸成与一部分上海知名报人得中共中央允诺,于</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月初随人民解放军南下。行前,周恩来设宴为之饯行,给各报以很大鼓励。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">21</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,《文汇报》在上海正式复刊。在此前后,《大公报》《新民报》晚刊获准继续出刊。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 上海民营大报的复刊或继续出刊,得到了新政权在物质上的大力支持,《文汇报》尤是。资金短缺、设备简陋、空间狭小,是《文汇报》复刊的几大障碍。报社向市军管会文化教育管理委员会的复刊求援立即得到应允,文管会指示其下属新闻出版处“给予纸张和印刷方面的资助”,后又由中共华东局和上海市委机关报《解放日报》“借给大量纸张、油墨等,并协助解决房屋、机器等方面的困难”注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">14</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。复刊后的相当一段时间内,《文汇报》一直亏损经营,步履维艰注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">15</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,人民政府批准《文汇报》向国外订购</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1000</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">吨白报纸来周转资金,以出售进口纸购买国产纸赚取差价的方式,来维持报馆日常开支注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">16</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。此间,文汇与大公等</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">家报社联名敦请享受优惠水电费、减免房捐、核减邮政运费以及免征营业税等项,市军管会均予一段时间内的准许,以救燃眉之急注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">17</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。为缓解《文汇报》高达</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">54</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">亿元以上的亏损,华东新闻出版局、市新闻出版处与之签订协议,从</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1950</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">9</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月起至</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1951</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月,由政府拨给补助费人民币</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">8</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">亿元,并商请银行给予贷款</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">10</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">亿元注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">18</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 在扶助民营大报的同时,新执政者一刻也没有忘记行使对上海民营报纸的领导责任。而最为紧要的,便是民营报纸的准确定位定性和办报行为的纪律整饬。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 遏制民营报纸的全国大报发展态势,形成综合性第一大报《解放日报》为统领的专业报纸分工合作的上海报业新格局,是领导者们用心用力最多的事。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1949</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年以后继续生存的文汇、大公、新民三家民营大报,在民国时期的上海报界都曾名噪多时。它们的实力虽不及《申报》和《新闻报》,但就其在民间舆论界的影响以及大众传播的辐射力而论,都称得上全国性的大报。而在上海土生土长并一直沿用创刊报名至今的,《文汇报》是其中之唯一注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">19</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。其主办人和经营者在民营报业中也颇为独特:“它不是由一个或几个资本家创办的,也没有任何政党作后台”,“它是由少数并无多少资财的中小职员偶然凑合兴办的”,自</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1938</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年创刊始,就以其鲜明的民间立场和抗日主张受到广泛欢迎,在孤岛上海“发行曾近六万,擢为上海各报的首次”。据总经理严宝礼聘请的汇丰银行总会计师查账所计,当时的营业情况表明,“票面为</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">元的每股股票,实值应升为</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">720</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">元”注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。徐铸成曾说,《文汇报》是“异军苍头突起,蒸蒸日上”注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">21</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。此话是毫不夸张的。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1939</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月和</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1947</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月,《文汇报》先后遭日伪迫害和国民政府查封,两度停刊,它不但没有因此一蹶不振,反而在民间舆论界声名大振,尤其是在知识分子中间。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1956</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">10</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月,《文汇报》结束在京办《教师报》的短暂历史重返上海时,许多大学者、大名人、《文汇报》的老朋友,包括陈叔通、郭沫若、马叙伦、梅兰芳、老舍等,欣然命笔,祝贺第三次复刊注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">22</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。这也佐证了文汇报挥之不去的历史性影响。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 凭借如此的历史底蕴和社会声誉步入共产党执政的时代,《文汇报》自然不甘于局限在上海,成为一张地方报纸。还在复刊准备期间,徐铸成就“抱着一肚皮‘雄才大略’,想在北京搞一个《文汇报》,以后至少全国有三个《文汇报》”,“成为新闻界的巨头”。从复刊之时起,《文汇报》就决心要“代替《大公报》”,成为名副其实的全国大报。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">23</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">《大公报》《新民报》本来就是一报数地数版注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">24</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,王芸生、赵超构更是踌躇满志,准备大展宏图。然而,全国大报的憧憬很快变得迷茫。“知北游”途中,曾在《文汇报》任职的中共地下党员、时任新政协筹备会副秘书长的宦乡对徐铸成耐心讲解党的新闻工作方针,对其大报计划婉言劝弃,使他意识到“这个计划不能实现”注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">25</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 民营报纸的定位很快被提到各级新闻领导机关掌门人的议事日程。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1950</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年春的全国新闻工作会议后,上海报业的各领导机关根据会议精神,研究各民营大报的分工问题,力图进一步转变各报根深蒂固的大报观念,定格在专业性的报纸上。拟议中的意见虽不一致,报纸调整方案也有几套,但相关领导达成了两点共识:一是“上海的报纸太多,群众不需要那么多种的报纸”;二是民营报纸须重新定位,“调整集中办好一两张报纸”。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">26</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">关于《文汇报》,也有过多种考虑,最终没有离开以教育界为对象的专业性报纸的定位注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">27</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,全国性综合大报的地位将成为昔日辉煌。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 去掉民营帽子,换上私营帽子,是新闻领导者对民营报纸性质的重新认定。一字之差的改性既是民营报纸在报业新格局中准确定位的需要,也为民营报纸的改造敷设前提和依据,新执政者对此毫不含糊。复刊第一天的《文汇报》就刊登了相关消息,在市军管会文教管理委员会召开的第一次新闻出版界座谈会上,文管会副主任范长江明确阐述:“在国民党反动统治时期,有些私营的文化出版事业中,是曾在不同程度上代表人民的,是应当称为‘民’营,或属于‘民间’的,但在人民政权下,政权的本身是代表人民的,这里只有公营和私营之分,不再是‘官方’与‘民间’的区别”注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">28</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。由民改私的性质认定,不仅动摇了《文汇报》“人民报纸”的自我认同,强化了它的资本和阶级属性,而且预示着作为国家文化权力的公营报纸将在上海舆论空间占据绝对的主导地位,而私营报纸的唯一出路,就是尽早地脱掉“资帽”,加入公营的行列。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 用党的新闻纪律和规范约束私营报业,破除抢新闻、抢市场、争独家、自主办报、张扬个性等在旧报业内通行无阻的行规和理念,也是新执政者一开始就十分关注的问题。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 上海市军管会不仅要求各报不折不扣地执行中央下达的新闻审查的各项纪律和操作规范,而且对私营报纸的纪律要求进一步加码,规定“对于国际新闻和评论,对全国、全市重大的政治新闻,均须以新华社的稿件为准”,“不得解释中共及政府的法令政策”。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">29</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">私营报纸稍一不慎,就会受到批评。徐铸成对此一直耿耿于怀。他举例说:“在长沙解放之日,我们已在无线电中收到确讯,而翌日刊出,即被指为抢新闻,是资产阶级办报作风,因新华社尚未正式公告也。再如《论人民民主专政》发布之日,要闻编辑郑心永按所列问题,作分题以醒眉目,亦被指为离经叛道。如此重要文件,只能作经典郑重排版,安可自由处理!”注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">30</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 新闻总署对上海民营报纸的监控也十分到位,向上的请示报告制度很快就建立起来。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1950</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月,文汇报等接到胡乔木署长函示,要求各报社长、总编辑自</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月份起,“于每月初旬向本署作上一个月报纸工作情况和问题的简要报告。在</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月初旬的报告应以‘改进报纸工作决定’的执行情况为主要题目之一。务希准时交到”注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">31</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">9</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月,市人民政府新闻出版处又要求《文汇报》编辑部自当月起,“将工作报告分寄新闻总署、华东新闻出版局及本处”,并将</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">8</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月报告退回按新要求重寄。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">32</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 经过定位、改性和纪律整饬,党管报纸的上海报业新格局已见雏形。但这只完成了制度变革的第一步,还未触动私营报业的所有制,也未从根本改变上海报纸的市场消费主导的权力结构,更未触及私营报业从业者灵魂深处的“小资产阶级的王国”注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">33</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。随着新政权和私营报业共处关系日久,人的改造问题日显紧迫。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""><strong>危机与契机:迟疑的决策</strong></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">8</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">21</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上海新闻界开始了为期两个月思想改造学习运动。因《解放日报》等公营报纸已进行了“三反”、“五反”运动而“毋须参加”,故参加者仅限于《新闻日报》《大公报》《文汇报》《新民报》《亦报》五个单位的编辑、经理两部门工作人员共</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">566</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">人,其中编辑部门人员</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">356</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">人。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">34</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">除公私合营的新闻日报外,其余各报均为私营报纸。可以说,这就是一次上海私营报业的思想改造运动。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 上海新闻界的思想改造运动是在整个运动进入尾声时开始的。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1951</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">9</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月,京、津两地高校首先启动了教育界思想改造运动。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">11</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月,经毛泽东亲拟批语,中共中央转发了中央宣传部关于在文艺界开展整风运动的报告注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">35</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。次年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">9</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月,文艺界整风告结束,文化部部长沈雁冰作了总结报告,历数整风成绩种种注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">36</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">10</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">17</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,政务院第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">155</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">次会议听取了教育部副部长钱俊瑞所作的全国各级学校教师思想改造报告,紧接着,“上海市高等学校思想改造全部胜利完成”的消息见诸报端。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">37</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 如果按照时间顺序推论,上海私营报业的思想改造可以按部就班、援引先例,顺理成章地启动了。运动的领导者确实做了这样的设想:拟“参照教育界的思想改造与文艺界的文艺整风的办法”,进行上海新闻界的思想改造注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">38</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。然具体的历史情境并不如此,上海私营报业的思想改造面临着一些特有的矛盾和问题,需要运动的发动者慎重考量。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 上海私营报业思想改造的直接导因,是上海各报的调整和分工问题。中共新政权一直将建立《解放日报》引领下的各专业报纸分工合作的新格局,视为实现党对私营报纸领导的关键之举,并与上海新闻界思想改造运动的直接目标、口径分寸、启动时机等一系列重要决策密切关联。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 正如上文论及,思想改造运动开始前两年,上海新闻工作的领导机关就在仔细研究这个问题,新闻总署署长胡乔木对此十分重视,曾与华东局宣传部副部长兼上海市委宣传部部长夏衍当面交换意见,上海方面也多次向他作书面汇报。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 然而,此项工作的进展并不理想。领导机关虽一致认为此举“从领导新闻工作方面来说非常必要”,但对调整的方案意见不一,几易其稿,迟迟不能定夺。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">39</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">关于调整工作的时机如何把握,领导们的看法也不尽相同。究其原因,除了私营报纸“旧的办报思想”作祟外注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">40</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,上海各报的业务经营困境也是当政者不能不权衡再三的因素。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 据</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1951</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">9</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">~</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">12</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月的统计,私营的《文汇报》《大公报》《新民报》</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">3</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">报均有亏损,“发行既无起色,广告又每况愈下,更严重地威胁了自给自足的方针”注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">41</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。《文汇报》的经营危机更为严重,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月的统计显示,《文汇报》“每月亏耗在</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">亿元以上”,估计“两三个月后也要搁浅”。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月,该报致函《解放日报》称,其两年前所借的</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">24.5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">亿元人民币,还欠</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1.4497</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">亿元尚未还清,要求《解放日报》理解其“资金短拙暂仍无法归还”的困难注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">42</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。如此小数的借款尚无力还清,足见《文汇报》当时的窘境。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 对于在经营危机之下能否进行私营报纸的分工调整问题,上海新闻工作的几位领导人意见相左。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1951</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年秋冬之交,夏衍等认为到了“下决心,用大力来调整”的时候了,否则“结果亏累不堪,增加我们的包袱”注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">43</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。新协党组书记、市政府新闻出版处处长陈虞孙等则顾虑此时“总销数没有很大发展,邃尔分工以后,可能使销数反减”,主张观察一段时间再行决定注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">44</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 领导层的意见虽不一致,但都觉察到了私营报业经营危机背后上海文化市场所起的负面作用。面对持续多时的亏损,私营报业一面在新政府的继续补助上打主意,一面还是从市场上动脑筋,争份额,这样既形成对政府的压力,又使得大报意识重新抬头,自由主义办报作风再度兴盛。这种状况令新闻管理部门的领导十分焦急,他们向上级报告说:“过去虽一再强调分工,但实际上分工很不容易明确。更由于发行情况不佳,各报为了争取读者,不能不使内容‘应有尽有’,因而更使各报内容交叉重复,与分工的方针背道而驰”。因为亏损,各报“都在广告上打主意,不断组织所谓‘专业广告’,动辄牺牲新闻与副刊篇幅,刊出整版广告,而且在第三、四版等重要地位,简直是为广告办报,不成其为应该具有高度思想性的报纸了。这并不表示其业务经营上的发展,恰恰暴露了其在业务上的狼狈状态”。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">45</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 既然市场竞争助长了私营报业的旧思想、旧作风,阻碍了报纸分工调整的推进,干扰了党对私营报纸的领导,那么,解决问题的最佳选择应当是进行私营改公营的体制变革。领导们理应迅即把此事提上议事日程,进而成为上海新闻界思想改造的直接目标。但他们并没有如此决策。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 消费大众的选择是决策者必须顾及的重要现实。中共执政后,尽管迅速摧毁了国民党官办和外人经营的报业市场,但不可能同样迅速地取消上海大众消费文化市场。即使党管报纸的新报业格局初步形成,市场的拉动作用仍然十分强大,无论是党报、公营报还是私营报,都难以摆脱消费大众的市场考验。《解放日报》创刊后</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">个月,计亏损</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">23</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">~</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">24</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">亿,导致亏损的原因,一为政治考虑,照顾其直接订户中</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">90%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">的工人、学生享受优待折扣;二是市场考虑,要压低价格与《新闻日报》《大公报》竞争。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">46</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">党报虽然有强大的权力后盾,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年发行情况大有好转,到</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月底日销量已稳居各报第一注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">47</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,但上海市民的多元选择依然要求报纸的多样化。正如新闻界几位上级领导人意识到的:上海“没有达到大家都只以看党报为满足的程度”,“《解放日报》面对整个华东又要具体照顾上海这个大城市中的异常复杂的业务,亦有许多困难”,“需要有一张强有力的比党报更灵活一些的教育上海人民的报纸”注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">48</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。因此,几家私营报纸或合并、或重组、或北迁的种种方案应运而生。而各种方案的核心意图都在于:既不能让私营报纸完全脱离市场,变为公营,又不能任其随市场摆布,迁就“落后群众”。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 同样出于现实的考虑,新闻工作的领导们也一致认为,对于私营报业的亏损“公家万难无止境地补贴维持”。即使是政府为促进各报分工提供“适当的援助”,也“不能用于消极性的弥补亏损”。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">49</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">也就是说,至少到新闻界思想改造运动前夕,政府是不考虑将这些处在亏损中的私营报纸变为公营的。事实也是如此。上海解放之初政府给予私营报业的优惠政策并未维持多久。从</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1950</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年元月起,市政府先前给予《文汇报》《新民报》《大公报》等五家大报的水电费八折优惠,经公用事业局审核后不再继续;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月,财政部又驳回上述五报免征营业税的请求注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">50</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。尽管《文汇报》从政府那里得到的支持胜于其他私营报纸,但政府在给予补助的同时,要求其承诺“以自力更生为主”,“争取在</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1951</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月底以前,做到自给自足”注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">51</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。补贴和优惠政策的逐步收缩表明了党和政府在体制问题上的审慎态度。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 改制虽然缓行,改人却日益紧迫。执政者可以对私营报纸的经济亏损不予援助,却不能对其政治表现置之不理。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1951</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">10</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月,夏衍和姚溱注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">52</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">不无忧虑地向胡乔木报告:“工作日益深入复杂,三张报纸(指《文汇报》《大公报》《新民报》——笔者注)的编辑部都没有力量单独应付这个局面。最近报上泄露机密事件层出不穷,生产虽成中心,而《大公报》公然说‘与报纸无关’,《文汇报》的编辑负责人甚至连郝建秀工作法这样常识的东西也一无所知”注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">53</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。领导们感到最严重的问题还是中共在私营报业内力量薄弱,“领导不够有力”。《文汇报》《大公报》《新民报》三家私营报社各有两名共产党员,加上《新闻日报》</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">13</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">名党员,不过</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">19</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">人,且“能真正起领导作用的党员不过一两个,有的党员竟跟在民主人士后面向党‘要求’、‘竞争’”。而各私营报的大部分人是“从解放以前原封不动继续下来的”,“不仅情况复杂,而且都保持了过去一套旧的办报思想与作风”注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">54</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。有鉴于此,夏衍等急切吁请:“就我们对私营报纸的领导上来说,也到了非调整不可的时候了”,否则“一定会出乱子的”,故望从速指示,“以便我们提出最后方案,请华东局与中央宣传部最后决定”注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">55</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 与此同时,私营报业出现了若干有利于执政者决策的好兆头。先是私营报的几位头面人物对调整工作的看法有了转变,不再认为“调整就是‘涸辙之鲋,相忘于江湖’、‘与共产党共患难易’”注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">56</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">;尔后是各报销量从低谷中走出,经营困境出现了转机。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年春,全市报纸总销数从</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">3</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日最低的日销量</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">35.7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">万余份,增加到</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">29</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日的</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">47</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">万余份,并有“继续增加之势”注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">57</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 最好的兆头还是来自《文汇报》。在各报经营走出低谷之时,《文汇报》不但销量上升的幅度居私营报纸之首,“致新闻、大公、新民等报不得不考虑其工作方针”,而且让领导们从中总结出两条“成功经验”:其一,“放下‘全国性’的大报架子,明确地以教育界(中小学教师,乡村教师、职工教师、中学生以及一部分大学生与职业青年)为对象;小型;通俗化”。其二,“加强报纸的群众工作”。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">58</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">在领导们看来,这些变化和转机,都是抗美援朝、镇压反革命、三反五反等一系列政治运动带来的办报人和读者的觉悟所致。因而,通过思想改造来实现报纸分工调整的时机已经成熟。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 其实,在这些变化和转机后面,还潜藏着各种复杂的矛盾和问题,私营报纸的经营危机也还没有根本度过。然而,对于持续两年多未能将分工调整做到位的上海新闻工作领导机关来说,这些变化足以为决策提供一个契机。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月底至</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月初,新协党组关于上海私营报纸调整办法的报告经市委宣传部批示呈送华东局宣传部和中央宣传部,其中对各私营报纸和《新闻日报》的分工作了规定,并提出:“为了使各报在‘三反’‘五反’后全面发展的情况下各得其所,在党的统一领导下有组织有计划地各发挥其战斗力量”,拟从</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月份起在私营及公私合营各报“进行一次思想改造,并经过这一运动来进一步明确分工,改进工作”。注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">59</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">数日后,市委宣传部正式向上级递交了上海新闻界思想改造学习计划。</span></p> <p> </p> <p style="text-indent:24.0pt;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">经过两年多的反复酝酿,上海新闻工作的领导机关将不改变所有制前提下实现私营报纸的分工作为思想改造的直接目标,启动了上海私营报业的人的改造。</span></p> <p> </p> <p align="center"><strong></strong></p><div> </div><div> </div><div><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"; color:blue"><em>注释 :</em></span></strong></div><div><em> </em></div> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 毛泽东《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》中曾说:“无产阶级的文学艺术是无产阶级整个革命事业的一部分,如同列宁所说,是‘整个机器中的螺丝钉’”。《毛泽东选集》,东北书店,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1948</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">985</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 有关本题的研究成果尚不多见。《上海通史·当代文化》、《文汇报史略(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1949.6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">-</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1966.5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">)》以及《徐铸成回忆录》等书中,有关于</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1950</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年代私营报业生存状况的叙述,但与思想改造运动相关的问题,或没有提及,或语焉不详。有关</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1950</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年代上海文化的社会主义改造问题,已引起史学界的关注,但目前问世的研究成果还不多。值得注意的一是姜进的《断裂与延续:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1950</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年代上海文化的社会主义改造》(《社会科学》</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2005</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">期);另是周武的《从全国性到地方化:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1945</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">至</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1956</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年上海出版业的变迁》(《史林》</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2006</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">期),两文择取不同的角度论述了上海大众文化的“改制”过程,但对此过程中人的改造问题,涉及不多。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">3</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《中共中央关于新解放城市中中外报刊通讯社的处理办法》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1948</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">11</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">8</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,中央档案馆编:《中共中央文件选集(一九四八)》(以下简称《选集》)第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">17</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">册,北京:中共中央党校出版社,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1992</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">465</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《中共中央关于中央人民政府成立后党的文化教育工作问题的指示》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1949</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">12</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,中共中央文献研究室编:《建国以来重要文件选编》第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">册,北京:中央文献出版社,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1992</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">65</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">~</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">66</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《中共中央关于宣传工作中请示与报告制度的规定》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1948</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,《选集》第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">17</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">册,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">204</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《中共中央关于宣传工作中请示与报告制度的规定》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1948</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,《选集》第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">17</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">册,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">202</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">~</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">203</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《中共中央关于宣传工作中请示与报告制度的规定》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1948</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日;《中央宣传部关于城市党报方针的指示》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1948</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">8</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">15</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日;均见《选集》第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">17</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">册,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">202</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">、</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">312</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">8</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《中共中央文件选集(一九四八)》第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">17</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">册,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">465</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">~</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">467</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">9</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 中共上海市委组织部关于成立上海市新闻协会党组和各报社党组问题与有关单位往来文书,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1950</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年。上海市档案馆馆藏档案,全宗号</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">B36</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">(上海市新闻协会党组档案),目录号</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,案卷号</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">(以下略写:上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">B36-1-2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">)。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">10</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 华东局党报委员会由舒同、刘晓、魏文伯、夏衍、恽逸群五人组成,舒同为书记。见马光仁主编:《上海新闻史》,上海:复旦大学出版社,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1996</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1091</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">11</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 陈毅:《关于上海市军管会和人民政府六七两月工作的报告》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1949</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">8</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">3</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上海市档案馆编:《上海解放》,北京:档案出版社,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1989</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">149</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">、</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">153</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">12</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 熊月之主编,陈同等著:《上海通史·当代文化》,上海:上海人民出版社,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1999</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">234</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">13</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1947</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">25</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,因《文汇报》为反饥饿、反内战、反独裁的爱国民主运动宣传造势,遭国民政府查封,被迫停刊。次年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">9</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">3</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,香港《文汇报》创刊。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">14</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《文汇报》史研究室编写:《文汇报史略(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1949.6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">-</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1966.5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">)》,上海:文汇出版社,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1997</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">~</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">15</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《文汇报》</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1949</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">26</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日至</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">12</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">31</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日的损益状况统计显示,这一时段内,《文汇报》纯亏</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">139477</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">万元。见上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">G20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">(文汇报社档案)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">-1-8</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">16</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《文汇报史略(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1949.6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">-</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1966.5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">)》,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">17</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《文汇报关于</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">报联名申请享受优惠水电费、减免房捐、核减邮政运费、卷筒纸管理措施的函及市府及有关部门的复函》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1949</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月至</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1950</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">G20-1-26</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">;《文汇报社关于</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">报联名申请准予免征营业税的函、复函》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1949</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">8</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月至</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1950</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">G20-1-27</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">18</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《华东新闻出版局、上海新闻出版处与文汇报关于政府扶助事宜的协议》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1951</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">G20-1-30</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">19</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《大公报》于</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1902</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月在天津创刊。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1936</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月,《大公报》上海版正式创刊,其主要骨干从天津移师上海。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1953</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年初北迁天津,与《进步日报》合并成为天津《大公报》,后迁北京,直至“文革”结束,只留香港《大公报》存在至今。《新民报》于</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1929</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年创办于南京。抗战胜利后,在上海出版《新民报晚刊》。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1958</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月改为《新民晚报》。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 徐铸成:《报海旧闻》,上海:上海人民出版社,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1981</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">280</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">、</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">283</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">、</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">288</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">21</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《报海旧闻》,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">288</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">22</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《文汇报史略(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1949.6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">-</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1966.5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">)》,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">~</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">插页。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">23</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《徐铸成同志的思想检查》,华东学习委员会上海新闻界分会办公室(以下简称分会办公室)编:《学习》第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">10</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">号,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">9</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">25</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">(上海市委宣传部档案)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">-2-1550</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">24</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《大公报》最盛时期,同时有重庆、上海、香港、天津四馆。《新民报》在抗战爆发后,从南京迁至重庆出版,后又增出成都版。抗战胜利后,以南京《新民报》为总社,又创办北平版和上海《新民报晚刊》,形成了五社八版的报业集团。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">25</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《文汇报史略》,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页;《徐铸成同志的思想检查》,《学习》第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">10</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">号,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-2-1550</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">26</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 夏衍、姚溱致胡乔木:《关于调整上海各报纸的问题》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1951</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">10</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">11</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日;夏衍、恽逸群、姚溱致胡乔木:《关于调整上海各报纸的问题》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日;上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">27</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《市委宣传部关于上海几张私营报纸整顿的情况报告》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-47</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">28</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《文汇报》</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1949</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">21</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">29</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 王中:《上海解放初期接管新闻机构的情况》,《上海解放</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">35</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">周年》专辑,上海:上海人民出版社,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1984</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">383</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页;张涛:《中华人民共和国新闻史》,北京:经济日报出版社,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1996</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">17</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页,均转引自《文汇报史略》,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">22</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">30</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《徐铸成回忆录》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1998</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">190</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">31</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《新闻总署署长胡乔木致文汇报社函》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1950</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">G20-1-17</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">32</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《上海市人民政府新闻出版处致文汇报编辑部》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1950</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">9</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">15</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">G20-1-17</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">33</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 毛泽东曾批评延安的知识分子立场还未转变,“灵魂深处还是一个小资产阶级知识分子的王国”。见毛泽东《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1942</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月,《毛泽东选集》,东北书店,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">977</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">34</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 陈虞孙:《上海新闻界思想改造运动学习计划(草案)》;《市委宣传部关于上海新闻界思想改造总结》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">12</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">13</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-47</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">35</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《中央转发中宣部关于文艺干部整风学习的报告的批语》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1951</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">11</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">26</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,《建国以来毛泽东文稿》第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">册,北京:中央文献出版社,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1988</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年,第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">521</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">~</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">522</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">页。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">36</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 沈雁冰:《三年来的文化艺术工作》,《文汇报》</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">9</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">26</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">37</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《文汇报》</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">10</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">、</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">21</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">38</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 陈虞孙:《上海新闻界思想改造运动学习计划(草案)》,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-47</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">39</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 夏衍、恽逸群、姚溱致胡乔木:《关于调整上海各报纸的问题》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">40</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 市委宣传部抄报上海新闻协会党组:《关于上海私营报纸调整办法的报告》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">29</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-47</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">41</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 夏衍、恽逸群、姚溱致胡乔木:《关于调整上海各报纸的问题》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">42</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 市委宣传部抄报上海新闻协会党组:《关于上海私营报纸调整办法的报告》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">29</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-47</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">;《文汇报经理部函致解放日报所借资金无法归还由》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">16</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A73</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">(解放日报社档案)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">-1-113</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">43</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 夏衍、恽逸群、姚溱致胡乔木:《关于调整上海各报纸的问题》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">44</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 市委宣传部抄报上海新闻协会党组:《关于上海私营报纸调整办法的报告》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">29</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-47</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">45</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 夏衍、恽逸群、姚溱致胡乔木:《关于调整上海各报纸的问题》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">46</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《解放日报</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1949</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年工作总结报告暨</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1950</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年工作计划大纲(草案)》,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A73-1-3</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">47</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">29</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,《解放日报》销量达</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">154415</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">份,占全市报纸当日销量的近</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">30%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">,比第二位的《新闻日报》高出</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">55000</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">多份。见市委宣传部抄报上海新闻协会党组:《关于上海私营报纸调整办法的报告》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">29</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-47</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">48</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 夏衍、恽逸群、姚溱致胡乔木:《关于调整上海各报纸的问题》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">49</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 夏衍、恽逸群、姚溱致胡乔木:《关于调整上海各报纸的问题》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">;陈虞孙致市委宣传部:《关于上海私营报纸调整办法的报告》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">29</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-47</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">50</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《上海市人民政府函致文汇、大公等报社不再继续优惠水电费由》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1950</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">11</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">G20-1-26</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">;《财政部长薄一波等函复报业不免营业税由》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1950</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">G20-1-27</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">51</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 《华东新闻出版局、上海新闻出版处与文汇报关于政府扶助文汇报事宜达成的协议》,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">G20-1-30</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">52</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 姚溱,时任上海市委宣传部副部长。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">53</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 夏衍、姚溱致胡乔木:《关于调整上海各报纸的问题》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1951</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">10</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">11</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">54</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 上海市委宣传部:《上海新闻界思想改造总结》,沪委宣(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">52</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1189</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">号,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">12</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">13</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-47</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">;夏衍、姚溱致胡乔木:《关于调整上海各报纸的问题》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1951</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">10</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">11</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">55</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 夏衍、姚溱致胡乔木:《关于调整上海各报纸的问题》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1951</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">10</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">11</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">56</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 夏衍、姚溱致胡乔木:《关于调整上海各报纸的问题》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1951</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">10</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">11</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">57</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 市委宣传部抄报上海新闻协会党组:《关于上海私营报纸调整办法的报告》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">29</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-47</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">58</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 市委宣传部抄报上海新闻协会党组:《关于上海私营报纸调整办法的报告》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">29</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-47</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 注</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">59</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 报告提出:《新闻日报》的读者对象应以工商界、高级职员与广大店员为主,多登本市新闻。《大公报》在国内以大资产阶级与大知识分子为主要对象,并应多登国际新闻。《新民报》以里弄居民和家庭妇女为主要对象,多登文娱消息。《文汇报》以教育界为主要对象(具体的文中已引)。见市委宣传部抄报上海新闻协会党组:《关于上海私营报纸调整办法的报告》,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1952</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">29</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日,上档</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">A22-1-47</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p>