<div style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h1><br /><br /></h1><div style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div id="comp-pattern-library" style="color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative;"><div style="color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: -44px;"><form method="get" action="http://www.bbc.co.uk/modules/share/page" style="border-width: 0px; 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position: relative;"><img alt="毛泽东" src="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/660/cpsprodpb/181B/production/_93317160_037100969-1.jpg" width="976" height="549" data-highest-encountered-width="660" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 645.781px; display: block;" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image copyright</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">AP</span></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">毛泽东的巨幅画像现在仍然悬挂在天安门城楼红墙中央</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 28px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">最近由于山东建筑大学教授邓相超,微博转发了批评、否定毛泽东的言论(已被删帖销号),引起一些群众的示威集会,对邓进行文革式的围攻、揪斗,并在网上大肆传播。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">日趋激烈的对毛争论</strong></p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">此事在中国并不奇怪。这些被统称为"毛左"的拥毛崇毛人士,经常这么干。前几年由于茅于轼发表批评毛的文章,他们也在各地打横幅游行集会,言辞攻击谩骂,焚烧画像和他们不满意的报纸。央视的娱乐主持毕福剑,因为在饭局上表演了一个讽刺毛的段子,被人放到网上后,由于央视的"喉舌"属性和毛左压力,毕也被停职。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">更有甚者,著名的毛左代表韩德强,以北航副教授的身份,掌掴反毛的八旬老者。对此事,自由派代表人大的张鸣教授,微博每日一呼,要求北航给个说法。虽然打人无理违法,但由于拥毛在中国政治上正确,北航没有什么说法,也不会给打人者什么训诫处罚。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">这一次也不例外。闹事者当然继续无事,而被围攻的邓相超教授,却被所在大学以错误言论、影响恶劣为由,给予行政记过处分,并责令停职、退休。这实际上是对官方处理的补枪。此前山东省政府发文公告,解除邓相超教授的省政府参事职务。同时山东省政协免去邓的政协常委职务,本人也被迫辞去政协委员。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">这一下舆论沸腾。毛左得意洋洋,到处宣扬其胜利。反对的则小心翼翼地遣词造句予以回应,还要顾忌被删文封号。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">毛泽东去世已经41年,但中国民间在如何看毛上,分歧日趋激烈,出现对立的两派:一派是反毛、除毛;一派是崇毛、拥毛。拥毛的有乌有之乡、红网等专门网站发声,反毛的言论则在总体是自由主义的网络上到处都是。双方不仅网络论战,也屡屡现实骂战和冲突。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">反毛的摆事实讲道理,一般仅限于言论,少辱骂、不动手,更不敢游行集会。而拥毛的仗着政治上正确,越左越安全,爆粗、打人、焚烧、示威,像反日游行一样,以爱国的名义肆无忌惮,就像这次对邓相超的围攻。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">争论的原因:官方态度的变化</strong></p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">民间在毛问题上的缠斗演进,表面上通过网络和社交媒体放大,但深层则是官方态度的变化:从邓时代对毛的基本否定,到江、胡时代的回避淡化,再到现在的突然强化。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">邓本人及其家庭作为毛晚年的受害者,重新上台后,把毛的妻子公开宣判后关到自杀,把他的侄子长期囚禁到腿瘸,把他的孙子豢养着让公众看笑话。从延续统治的合法性考虑,邓对毛采取了三七开的评价。三分过的意义在于否定了毛如神一般的地位、不能批评的个人崇拜。而对毛倾力发动的文革,更是予以彻底的否定。当然在策略上,则聪明地对毛进行抽象的肯定、具体的否定。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">抽象肯定就是保留了毛泽东思想的提法、毛在天安门的挂像和广场的遗体。具体否定就是改变了毛几乎所有的政策。不否定毛的阶级斗争,就不能改革开放;不否定毛本身,就不能树立邓的权威。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">江时代容许资本家入党,三个代表中代表全国人民利益的阶级调和,都是对毛时代强调工农联盟和无产阶级专政的取代。胡的和谐社会则直接回避了毛的阶级斗争。从意识形态上,毛思想与邓三科(邓理论、江的三个代表、胡的科学发展观)并提,就是淡化毛思想的影响。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">但是改革开放30多年来,总体在回避淡化毛的态势,2013年以后由于新领导的上台,开始逆转变化。面对持续积累的意识形态虚化、政治上的腐败、经济上的贫富分化等问题,新领导试图用毛的手段寻求解决,比如加强权力、反腐、重提共产主义理想、毛生前三十年和死后三十年不能相互否定等。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">在此态势下,拥毛崇毛的自然大张旗鼓,盛嚣尘上。而自由派在现实政治的空间日趋逼仄,自然要在对待毛的历史和言论空间上,针锋相对。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">双方的争斗由毛而起,但都超越历史,映射现实。崇毛的人少数是感恩戴德,多数人其实是政治上失势、经济上无钱,用对毛时代的乌托邦记忆,表达对现在的腐败和财富分化的不满。还有一些如薄的政客和抱残守旧的文人,则是想借拥毛造势,达到夺权和上位的政治目的。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">而反毛的人认为,不消除集古今中外所有帝王和独裁大恶於一身的毛,中国就不能真正走向现代文明,反毛更是能推动1987年中共十三大提出、1989年停滞的政治改革。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">从现在的政治倾向和政策措施来看,显然是毛派占了上风。山东官方对反毛的邓相超迅速处分,表明上是因影响恶劣迫于毛派的闹事压力,但深层是顺应上层的政治倾向。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">争论的影响:谁会受害</strong></p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">但是如此处理,留有隐患和不公。这些年来,一有政治和权利方面的街头诉求,各地政府就会以寻衅滋事和扰乱公共秩序,予以驱散和拘捕。此次毛左的游行、示威、围攻,官方既没有事先的阻止,现场的警方也放任发生。如果不限制惩处,以后毛派继续街头闹事、自由派舆论回应施压,危及到官方最敏感的政治稳定怎么办?</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">更恶劣的影响是,言论的问题不用讨论、说服、批评解决,而是围攻揪斗、官方助势,让人想起文革乃至义和团的批斗、蛮横。山东虽是孔孟之乡,但义和团之乱肇始于此,并危及朝廷。现在再这么搞,谁还敢来投资、经商、旅游、求学?</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">而且官方虽然强调核心意识、看齐意识,但有一点没法回避:对毛的个人崇拜的否定。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">现任领导不得妄议,但毛作为历史人物可以讨论,他的三分错误可以批评。毛创建了党和政权,但毛不等于党和政权。党的权威和政治稳定可以维护,但历史证明了的毛的错误,写进党的决议的对毛个人崇拜的否定、对文革的否定,当然要说。就像去年纪念文革结束40周年,人民日报的社论也得重申毛所犯的这一严重错误。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">而从更大的层面,怀念过去,至少表明对现在的不满。崇拜已故的领导,对现在领导的权威,又如何解释?除非领导本身、精英阶层或多数人想回到过去,否则看不到对现实政治有什么好处。而类似红卫兵、义和团的举动,固然能对自由派产生威慑,但对政治稳定、经济发展和社会凝聚极其不利。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">中国能有现在的社会进步、经济发展,正是由于对毛个人崇拜的批判,不再搞毛式阶级斗争和群众运动,而是实事求是,改革开放,以经济建设为中心。如果在毛的问题上借尸还魂,放任或利用政治争斗、社会分歧,不愿承认毛的错误,变相为文革翻案,任由暴力和批斗发生,再来一次文革,受害的难道只是知识分子、普通群众吗?毛左反对的修正主义、走资派,指的是谁?</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">从山东到各地,从地方小吏到中央大员,难道忘了本人和父辈在毛时代的磨难吗?</p></div></div><div style="border: 0px; color: inherit; 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