中国教育部要求中小学课本改称“十四年抗战”

<figure style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; border: 0px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px -54.2188px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; border: 0px; color: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img alt="中国抗日战争中的国民党士兵。共产党和国民党对于中国抗日战争的历史描述长期存在争议。" src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/660/cpsprodpb/E473/production/_93338485_00d291a0-59c1-45f4-a610-62fbc4fa8222.jpg" width="976" height="549" data-highest-encountered-width="660" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 645.781px; display: block;" /><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; color: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; margin: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; border: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">图片版权</span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.14286; font-family: inherit; border: 0px; color: #ececec; letter-spacing: 0.25px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">GETTY IMAGES</span></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; color: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; margin: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; border: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; line-height: 1.33333; font-family: inherit; border: 0px; color: #ececec; letter-spacing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">中国抗日战争中的国民党士兵。共产党和国民党对于中国抗日战争的历史描述长期存在争议。</span></figcaption></figure><p style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; font-family: inherit; margin-top: 28px; color: #404040; letter-spacing: inherit; border: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">中国媒体《新京报》确认,中国教育部基础教育二司于近日下发文件,要求在中小学地方课程中全面落实"十四年抗战"概念。</p><p style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; font-family: inherit; margin-top: 18px; color: #404040; letter-spacing: inherit; border: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">《新京报》称,中国教育部教育二司确认了网上流传的《关于在中小学地方课程教材中全面落实"十四年抗战"概念的函》。该文件确由该司所发,目前2017年春季教材已全面落实。</p><p style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; font-family: inherit; margin-top: 18px; color: #404040; letter-spacing: inherit; border: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">这份文件的签发日期是2017年1月3日。文件中要求各级教育主管部门全面排查,凡有"八年抗战"字样,改为"十四年抗战",并视情况修改与此相关内容,确保树立并突出十四年抗战概念。</p><p style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; font-family: inherit; margin-top: 18px; color: #404040; letter-spacing: inherit; border: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">教育部工作人员向该报表示,"落实\’十四年抗战概念\’是贯彻中央相关精神,2016年10月,国务院相关领导就曾批示教育部要全面落实十四年抗战概念"。</p><p style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; font-family: inherit; margin-top: 18px; color: #404040; letter-spacing: inherit; border: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">中国教育部没有解释更改抗战时间的具体原因。</p><p style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; font-family: inherit; margin-top: 18px; color: #404040; letter-spacing: inherit; border: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">抗日概念可能涉及多篇课文,包括1931-1937年期间在东北地区活动的共产党抗日领袖杨靖宇、赵一曼,以及1937年以后的狼牙山五壮士等相关文章。</p><p style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; font-family: inherit; margin-top: 18px; color: #404040; letter-spacing: inherit; border: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">此外,大量文艺作品也涉及到抗战时间的提法,比如一首名为《没有共产党就没有新中国》的歌曲唱到,"它坚持抗战了8年多"。大量中国的抗日影视剧也使用"八年抗战"这一提法。中国教育部没有提到这些文艺作品是否也要作相应调整。</p><figure style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; border: 0px; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6449px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; border: 0px; color: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/BD63/production/_93338484_699550ab-76fb-4a66-a8a3-b6893105a57d.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/BD63/production/_93338484_699550ab-76fb-4a66-a8a3-b6893105a57d.jpg" alt="中国于2015年9月3日举行了阅兵式,纪念抗日战争胜利70周年。" width="976" height="549" data-highest-encountered-width="624" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 616.207px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; display: block;" /><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; color: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; margin: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; border: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">图片版权</span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.14286; font-family: inherit; border: 0px; color: #ececec; letter-spacing: 0.25px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">REUTERS</span></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; color: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; margin: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; border: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; line-height: 1.33333; font-family: inherit; border: 0px; color: #ececec; letter-spacing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">中国于2015年9月3日举行了阅兵式,纪念抗日战争胜利70周年。</span></figcaption></figure><p style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; font-family: inherit; margin-top: 18px; color: #404040; letter-spacing: inherit; border: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">网友"文刀齐备"评论称,"全面抗战是八年,抗战的确是九一八就开始了,如果只提八年,对东北抗联的抗日同志确实不公平"。</p><p style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; font-family: inherit; margin-top: 18px; color: #404040; letter-spacing: inherit; border: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">但网友"Jiangzhongshun"提出,"张学良的历史定位是不是得重新修改一下?"张学良是1931年日本占领中国东三省时掌管该区域的国民党军事领袖,中国历史教科书称他奉行了国民党政府的"不抵抗政策",未与日本军队作战就撤退到其它地方。</p><p style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; font-family: inherit; margin-top: 18px; color: #404040; letter-spacing: inherit; border: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">还有网友质疑这种做法的严谨。网友"东海渔夫III"称:"干脆从甲午战争开始算,51年抗战"。网友"反清复明xx"称:从明朝抗倭算起更好。</p><p style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; font-family: inherit; margin-top: 18px; color: #404040; letter-spacing: inherit; border: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">中国军事科学院军史所抗日战争组组长、研究员岳思平曾于2010年撰文称,"八年抗战"和"十四年抗战"之争的原因是"全面抗战"和"全国抗战"的概念不清所致。</p><p style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; font-family: inherit; margin-top: 18px; color: #404040; letter-spacing: inherit; border: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">岳思平称,1931年至1937年的中国抗战主要是在包括东北和华北部分地区的中国局部地区进行的,而1937年至1945年的中国抗战则是在包括华北、华中、华南、东北和西南地区的半壁河山展开的。习惯所称的"八年抗战",实际上是指"全国抗战"。</p><p style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; font-family: inherit; margin-top: 18px; color: #404040; letter-spacing: inherit; border: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">中共中央党校副校长李君如2005年也曾在媒体上表示,前6年(1931-1937)局部抗战时,抗日民族统一战线尚未建立,但是中国共产党就已经在艰苦的条件下独立地领导人民抵抗日本侵略并开展抗日救亡运动。1931年"九一八事变"发生后,国民党政府在东北实行"不抵抗主义",而中国共产党在"九一八事变"后的两天就发表宣言,领导人民开展抗日救亡运动,组织了东北抗日联军。</p><p style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; font-family: inherit; margin-top: 18px; color: #404040; letter-spacing: inherit; border: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2015年,中国举行"纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年大会"(九三阅兵式)就选择了中国认定的抗日战争胜利日9月3日,而不是国际上更普遍认定的日本投降日8月15日。</p>


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