\”六四\”记忆:天安门之外,全国60多个城市爆发抗议

<p style="padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px; font-size: 19px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; background-color: #ffffff;">三十年前的"六四"民主运动,比人们印象中的规模更加宏大。林慕莲、吴玉婷等学者对德国之声讲述,成都、长沙等地规模宏大的激烈抗争,在一定程度上遭到外界忽视。</p><div style="margin: 0px; padding: 7px 20px 10px 0px; float: none; width: 700px; clear: both; font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%96%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD60%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%88%86%E5%8F%91%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE/a-49032963#" link="/overlay/image/article/49032963/48976236" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0087eb; text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;"><img itemprop="image" width="700" height="394" src="https://www.dw.com/image/48976236_303.jpg" title="Tiananmen Massaker China 1989 (picture-alliance/KEYSTONE)" alt="Tiananmen Massaker China 1989 (picture-alliance/KEYSTONE)" style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 700px; height: auto;" /></a><p style="padding: 4px 0px; color: #888888; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; width: 720px;">1989年6月12日资料图片:北京市区一辆被烧毁的公交车</p></div><div style="margin-bottom: 30px; font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: medium; background-color: #ffffff;"><div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;;"><br /><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">(德国之声中文网)越来越多的西方舆论留意到,三十年前的"六四"民主运动,比人们印象中的规模更加宏大。它不只是以天安门为中心、北京大学生为主体的一场政治抗议,而且全中国各地大学生以及各阶层民众均卷入其中。成都、长沙和西安等地规模宏大的激烈抗争,在一定程度上遭到外界忽视。直到五年前记者、学者和作家林慕莲(Louisa Lim)《失忆人民共和国:天安门重访》(People's Republic of Amnesia: Tiananmen Revisited)一书出版,书中发掘的当年以及之后发生在成都的历史令人震惊。</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">"六四"三十周年前夕,该书中文(繁体)版在台湾出版。林慕莲接受德国之声采访表示,当时发生抗议并遭到镇压的城市多达60多个,而且除了大学生之外,工人、知识分子和其他社会各阶层广泛参与。但是随着时间的推移,很多人都忘记了这是一场全国规模的民主运动。</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">林慕莲对德国之声详细描述了她经过深入调查的成都当年的抗议情况。她说,成都的"六四"运动和北京相似,抗议者占领城市中心的天府广场,静坐绝食,并在6月4日遭到镇压。不同之处在于,据她所知,成都清场出动的是武警部队,大多使用的是警棍和催泪瓦斯,而不是像北京那样赤裸裸地使用坦克和机关枪。和北京的肃杀不同,镇压之后的连续数日,成都街上每天都有学生和民众继续抗议。</p><div style="margin: 0px; padding: 7px 20px 10px 0px; float: left; width: 220px;"><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%96%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD60%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%88%86%E5%8F%91%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE/a-49032963#" link="/overlay/image/article/49032963/17662018" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0087eb; text-decoration-line: none; cursor: pointer;"><img itemprop="image" width="220" height="293" src="https://www.dw.com/image/17662018_404.jpg" title="Buchcover Louisa Lim The People's Republic of Amnesia (Oxford University Press)" alt="Buchcover Louisa Lim The People's Republic of Amnesia (Oxford University Press)" style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 220px; height: auto;" /></a><p style="padding: 4px 0px; color: #888888; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;;">六四三十周年前夕,《失忆人民共和国:天安门重访》在台湾出版</p></div><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">林慕莲强调说,在成都执行镇压任务的武警同样残忍地用警棍敲击抗议者头部,出现大量死伤。根据官方1989年7月出版的《成都骚乱事件始末》,四川当局称,仅有8人丧命,其中2名是学生,共有1800人受伤,其中1100人是员警。但是美国与英国的外交电报却指出,死者估计达300人。</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; color: #000000;">赵紫阳的亲信,镇压时是手下留情还是更加残忍?</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">&nbsp;&nbsp;《纽约时报》2019年6月2日发表报道《小天安门:美国议员回忆成都"六四"》,称与北京一样,成都天府广场的示威活动遭到了政府的血腥镇压。但与北京不同的是,因为没有外国媒体在场,6月4日至6日成都暴力流血事件的目击者当中,很少能够将其昭示于世人。最早将消息带出去的目击者之一就是现任美国国会议员安迪暲澄?(Andy Levin)。当时在念博士的他,正在中国西部旅行。他目睹了广场周围的激烈战斗,以及四川锦江宾馆外的残忍殴打,他给家乡的《底特律新闻》(Detroit News)写了篇报道。他说,镇压中"人群发生踩踏,警察趁机攻击他们。我看到很多人遭到殴打和被捕"。</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">目前是澳洲墨尔本大学进阶新闻中心(Centre for Advancing Journalism)资深讲师的林慕莲谈到,"六四"期间同情学生、反对镇压并因此被撤职和软禁的中共前领导人赵紫阳曾在四川进行农村体制改革。当时的四川省委书记杨汝岱等人都是赵紫阳的亲信,很有可能因此没有进行更残忍的镇压。但是,也有人认为,他们更有向邓小平当局表达忠心的需要,在能够使用的镇压手段中并未手软。</p><div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;;"><div style="width: 720px; float: left;"><div data-id="16857407" data-title="《六四日记》图片集" data-date="20190603" data-firstcategory="19990022" style="float: left; width: 700px; height: auto; margin: 0px 0px 30px; background-color: #000000; position: static !important;"><ul style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style: none inside; overflow: hidden; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; position: relative; width: 700px; height: 562.42px;"><li style="background-image: url(&quot;../cssi/list-blip.png&quot;); background-position: 1px 10px; background-size: initial; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; opacity: 1; min-height: 544px; display: block; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 15;"><div style="float: left; position: relative; width: 700px; height: 394px; overflow: hidden; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-color: #111111; clear: both; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 10; cursor: pointer;"><img itemprop="image" width="700" height="394" src="https://www.dw.com/image/15108401_303.jpg" alt="default" title="default" style="width: 700px;" /></div><div style="position: relative; left: 0px; bottom: 0px; z-index: 11; width: 700px; margin: 0px; padding: 15px; box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: auto; min-height: 150px;"><div></div><h4>《六四日记》图片集</h4><h2>人民日报门前抗议</h2><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; color: #bbbbbb; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; width: auto;">1989年5月10日,北大学生柴岭(中)在人民日报社的大门前带领学生喊口号,抗议&#8220;四二六&#8221;社论。《人民日报》于1989年4月26日在发表社论,指责之前全国各地学生因悼念前中共中央总书记胡耀邦而举行的学生游行活动,并将其定性为动乱。</p></div></li></ul><br /><div style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; height: 40px;"><div style="position: relative; z-index: 100; left: 6px; bottom: 0px; width: 678.991px; overflow: hidden;"><div style="float: right;"><a rel="nofollow" style="color: #888888; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;, sans-serif; display: block; float: left; width: 16px; height: 12px; background: url(&quot;../cssi/icons-pagination.png&quot;) -80px -80px no-repeat;"></a><a rel="nofollow" style="color: #888888; 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padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;, sans-serif;">7</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%96%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD60%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%88%86%E5%8F%91%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE/a-49032963#" id="p7" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;, sans-serif;">8</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%96%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD60%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%88%86%E5%8F%91%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE/a-49032963#" id="p8" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;, sans-serif;">9</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%96%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD60%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%88%86%E5%8F%91%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE/a-49032963#" id="p9" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;, sans-serif;">10</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%96%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD60%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%88%86%E5%8F%91%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE/a-49032963#" id="p10" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;, sans-serif;">11</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%96%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD60%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%88%86%E5%8F%91%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE/a-49032963#" id="p11" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;, sans-serif;">12</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%96%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD60%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%88%86%E5%8F%91%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE/a-49032963#" id="p12" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;, sans-serif;">13</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%96%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD60%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%88%86%E5%8F%91%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE/a-49032963#" id="p13" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;, sans-serif;">14</a><a href="https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%96%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD60%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%88%86%E5%8F%91%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE/a-49032963#" id="p14" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; padding: 4px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: bold; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;, sans-serif;">15</a></span></div></div></div></div></div><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">"六四"前后中国出现很多感人的情景。林慕莲也举例说,镇压之后,成都一位党内干部访问了若干家医院,仔细记录了受害者的档案,包括他们的姓名、工作单位或者学校及其遭遇,留下长达30页的手稿。在去世之前,这位老干部将手稿交给他人带往海外,辗转达到&nbsp;林慕莲手中,成为书中的材料。"我能想象这位党内干部经历的长时间的精神抗争,"&nbsp;林慕莲说,"对我来说,仿佛突然拿到当年埋下的时间胶囊(Time Capsule)。"</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; color: #000000;">被写进"四二六"社论的长沙抗议</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">"六四"抗争是一次全民的政治权利唤醒运动。约翰霍普金斯大学东亚研究学者吴玉婷(Andrea Worden)对德国之声讲述了当年长沙的抗议情景。吴玉婷回忆说,她当时任教的湖南中医药大学学生向来被认为政治冷感,但是1989年5月17日的游行队伍中,该校学生有1500名,占了全部人数的一半。他们穿上象征人道主义的白衣大褂,令人印象十分深刻。</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">和北京、成都一样,抗议者们也进行了静坐绝食,并要求与当地政府领导人对话。5月18日到19日,长沙的抗议活动出现一些激烈行为,被写进了著名的人民日报"四二六"社论:"在悼念活动期间,也出现了一些不正常情况。&#8230;&#8230;在西安、长沙发生了一些不法分子打、砸、抢、烧的严重事件。"</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">吴玉婷说,"四二六"社论给长沙的抗议运动带来压力,从此以后组织者十分小心,不要给当局以镇压的口实。北京的血腥屠杀发生之后,长沙的学生和市民都表达了极大的愤怒,甚至试图卧轨拦截火车。官方也有些不知所措,小心翼翼不犯错误,最终没有酿成更大的事件。</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">&nbsp;"六四"期间,吴玉婷在长沙街头看到,很多市民手持相机拍摄学生的游行示威,甚至用磁带录下抗议者的演讲。她相信,当时留下了大量的珍贵资料。但是,血腥镇压之后,保留这些资料十分危险,想必大多已经被销毁。</p><p style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px; font-family: &quot;MS Song&quot;, &quot;MS Hei&quot;; padding: 0px 40px 12px 0px;">1989年6月11日,吴玉婷和她的外国同事撤离中国。她的中国朋友请求她"一定要告诉世界这里发生了什么,否则没有人会知道"。但是,她说,由于能够在北京之外的地方工作的外国人相对较少,媒体又主要聚焦于北京,其他城市的抗议活动还是没有得到应有的关注。</p></div></div>


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