日本参议院通过安保法允派兵海外

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color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px -54.2188px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5;">日本国会参议院大会周六(9月19日)凌晨,以执政党议员和3个小在野党的合作投出的多数赞成票通过了《国际和平支援法》、《自卫队法》、《武力攻击事态对处法》等11个相应行使集体自卫权的安保法案,其中《美军等行动关连措置法》和《重要影响事态法》是修订现有的法案</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5;">在国会众议院已通过的基础上,安保法案在参议院通过时也标志着正式成立了。参议院议长宣布成立的瞬间,现场直播的官方电视台NHK随即打出的速报标题是:安保法案成立,战后安保政策走向大转换。</span></span></figcaption></figure></div><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">安保法案成立为日本行使集体自卫权奠定了法律依据,预示日本将告别二战后基于和平宪法下的专守防卫政策,今后除了直接遭遇武力攻击时的自卫、还击外,还将在同盟国遭遇武力攻击时,可能协助他国动武。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">法案成立后,在首相官邸等候结果的首相安倍晋三对记者群说,法案经过了充分审议,不但执政两党,而且也获得3个在野党赞成,但他也强调&#8220;今后要积极地推进和平外交&#8221;。</p><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #111111;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/624/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2015/09/18/150918180653_j_976x549_ap.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/976/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2015/09/18/150918180653_j_976x549_ap.jpg" width="976" height="549" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; -webkit-user-select: none; width: 616.203px; display: block;" alt="" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image copyright</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.5625rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);">AP</span></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">反对法案的人士从9月16日起连接在东京举行抗议安保法的集会,最多时人数达到数万。</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></strong></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">审议之最</strong></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">成立安保法案是安倍在今年1月开幕的本届国会上最大的立法目标,从5月26日安保法案在国会众议院审议起,激烈论争持续至今。执政自民和公明两党为了审议和通过、成立安保法案,不断延长会期,以至于本届国会成为34年来最长,也是近半世纪中日本国会内外最具争议的法案。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">由于执政联盟在参议院的优势不及众议院,使得7月16日众议院通过安保法案后,参议院在宪法规定的60天审议期内没法通过。按规定,法案可退回众议院再投票,达到三分二赞成就能成立。但安倍希望反映参议院审议结果,并最终争取到3个小在野党支持,与反对法案的在野民主党、共产党、维新党、社民党、生活党对峙。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">国会外连日不分昼夜抗议安保法案的民众声势声援了国会内的反对阵营,从周三起,反对法案的政党"使用一切方法"阻碍和拖延参议院通过法案,在经过提出内阁不信任案等连串议案一一被否决后,经过超过72小时包括肢体冲突在内的抗争,周六凌晨朝野议员面带倦容投票表决安保法案。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">专家说明</strong></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">早稻田大学亚太研究科教授、前防卫省防卫研究所主任研究员植木千可子向BBC中文网记者解释日本为什么现在要解禁集体自卫权说:"美国国力衰退,需要日本出力协助和中国军事崛起带来威胁,加上日本对居住环境越来越差的世界深刻忧虑",她指出,日本计划解禁集体自卫权并非从安倍政权开始,但安倍政权是近年难得的安定和维持高支持率的政权,所以才有推动的能力,"至少与竹下(1987-1988前首相竹下登)政权6%的支持率比,安倍政权支持率虽下跌到3、4成,也仍不失安定和高支持率"。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">联合国宪章第51条规定,所有加盟的主权国都拥有单独或集体自卫权,但二战后日本在美国占领时期1947年制定的宪法第九条规定放弃战争、不保持战力、否认交战权。基于这一被称为和平宪法的理念,日本不设军队,只有专守防卫的自卫队,并自禁行使集体自卫权。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">修宪障碍</strong></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">近代日本参加联合国维和、协助美国反恐行动等都是后方支援,并不参战。但美国认为,战后几十年奠定了民主政治体制与稳固和平意识的日本该对国际尽力。二十一世纪后,日本开始研究解禁集体自卫权,不仅战后长期执政的自民党政权研究过,而且民主党的野田佳彦政权也研究过,野田2012年说,重新定义集体自卫权的前提是要修宪。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">解禁集体自卫权的最大难题是与宪法第九条冲突,首相安倍晋三2012年12月第二次执政后也研究过修宪,但修宪需要国会参、众两议院各自超过三分二议员赞成,还要国民投票超过半数赞成。安倍领导的自民党在国会没占三分二议席,加上执政联盟的公明党,在参议院也没达三分二,而且公明党坚决反对修宪。去年7月安倍内阁决定解禁集体自卫权后,安倍最终选择重新解释宪法的手段,但不仅先遭内阁法制局抵抗,而且在今年6月自民党推荐的宪法学者出席国会听证会时,也指集体自卫权违宪,解禁需先修宪。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">此证言震惊社会,尽管自民党后来也找来其他学者作证不违宪,但没能扭转被动局面。另一方面,安倍回避说明美国削减军费需要日本出力和中国威胁等理由,而他与防卫大臣中谷元在国会答辩行使集体自卫权的范畴和标准时又不时显现分歧,更添安倍政权仓促立法的嫌疑。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"正视战争"</strong></p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">尽管日本主流传媒中,约一半是支持解禁集体自卫权,但也有安倍政权对国民说明不足,在国会审议11项法案时间仓促的印象。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">主流传媒各自做的民意调查基本显示被访者反对安保法案占多数的潮流,但既有反对参与战争、主张和平的意见,也有反对改变宪法解释来解禁集体自卫权的牵强手段,还有单纯反对日本人为他国去流血、丧生的意见。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">安保法案成立对安倍政权作何影响,反对的民意是否继续抗争,行使集体自卫权是否有利日本,是日本现在和未来的关心焦点,国会外持续抗议的人群也到周六凌晨仍有不少年轻人坚持不散。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">著书《为了和平的战争论》的植木千可子指出,决定战争还是和平,是要向对方展示两个"水晶球":一个是非常悲惨的战争景色,一个是避免战争的景色。她认为"今后该推动国民议论行使集体自卫权的范畴和标准,日本也应努力与中国改善关系,包括降低误解、建立海上联络机制等危机管理机制等,此外还应在国会等正面讨论、检视二战史,以助于判断下次战争必要与不必要"。</p></div>