<h1><img alt="乔治奥威尔铜像" src="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/660/cpsprodpb/15F6D/production/_98656998_pa-33622346.jpg" width="976" height="549" data-highest-encountered-width="660" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; background-color: #111111; color: #bdbdbd; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 645.781px; display: block;" /></h1><div property="articleBody" style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 53.7656px 0px auto; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;"><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px -54.2188px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">图片版权</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">PA</span></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">乔治奥威尔铜像2017年11月7日在BBC大楼外揭幕</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 28px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">乔治·奥威尔从BBC辞职是在70年前，他工卡上的员工编号：9889，本名埃里克·布莱厄（Eric Blair），1941年入职时是远东科的节目助理，1943年离职时是印度科制作人。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">70年后，2017年11月7日，他的前雇主BBC在新建的总部大楼前为他立了一尊雕像。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">奥威尔写过两本传世名著：《1984》（1984）和《动物庄园》（Animal Farm）。也正是这两部精炼的寓言式政治讽刺作品使他闻名全球。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">冷战期间，奥威尔作品常被视为反苏、反共，在前苏联阵营和中国大陆等社会主义国家遭封杀。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">《1984》的简体中文版1985年才作为"内部读物"在中国大陆出版发行。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“假如自由真有什么意义，那应该就是指把人们不想听的说给他们听。”</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">这句话刻在BBC大楼前奥威尔铜像后面的墙上，是从他为《动物庄园》写的前言里摘录的。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">BBC历史频道主编罗伯特·希特（Robert Seatter）说，这段话为BBC设置了一个高标准，鞭策BBC要无愧于奥威尔在叙事清晰和揭示真相方面的高水准。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">这一点其实适用于整个新闻行业。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">BBC经过斟酌最终同意在楼前竖奥威尔铜像，主要考虑之一是，奥威尔作为新闻界最优典范傲然伫立于世，特别是在当下假新闻泛滥时代，更有现实意义。</p><ul style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 18px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: none;"><li style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 18px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: square outside;"><a href="http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/multimedia/2012/10/121011_video_mo_yan_londonfair" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; color: #222222; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);">视频：莫言伦敦书展谈写作</a></li><li style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 18px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: square outside;"><a href="http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world/2014/04/140417_profile_marquez" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; color: #222222; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);">生平：《百年孤独》作者——马尔克斯</a></li><li style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 18px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style: square outside;"><a href="http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/britain_focus/2014/04/140411_britian_focus_fifth_column" style="border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: #dcdcdc; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; color: #222222; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3);">漫话英伦：军情五处与"第五纵队"的较量</a></li></ul><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/DE15/production/_98635865_orwell_bbc.jpg" datasrc="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/DE15/production/_98635865_orwell_bbc.jpg" alt="乔治奥威尔" width="976" height="650" data-highest-encountered-width="624" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 616.203px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; display: block;" /></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">二战爆发后，奥威尔因为有肺结核没能参军上前线，只好到BBC为国效力</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">奥威尔在BBC时，职责包括为鼓舞盟军士气写战争新闻提要，同时做英语语言、艺术和文化题材的教育清谈节目。他就职时就声明不会为一份薪水牺牲自己的职业原则。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">总体而言，他对自己在BBC的从业经历评估是褒贬混杂的。在辞职信里，他这么表述：“我很清楚，自己是在无效的工作上浪费自己的时间和公共的钱财。”</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">同一封信里，他对自己在BBC受到的待遇不乏赞赏：“我之所以离职并非因为对BBC政策有异议，更不是因为有任何不满或抱怨。相反，我感到在BBC的这段时间受到的待遇极为慷慨，被允许享有极大的自由度。”</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">他还补充道：“我从来没有被迫在播音的时候说我私下不会说的违心之辞。”</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">离开BBC后，奥威尔到工党的《论坛报》（Tribune）当编辑，两年后辞职。</p><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/E1A3/production/_98636775_bbc_nbh.jpg" datasrc="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/E1A3/production/_98636775_bbc_nbh.jpg" alt="BBC New Broadcasting House" width="976" height="549" data-highest-encountered-width="624" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 616.203px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; display: block;" /></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">在假新闻泛滥的时代，重温奥威尔意义重大</span></figcaption></figure><h2>爱恨交织</h2><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">希特认为， 从奥威尔在小说《1984》里对真理部的描写来看，在BBC广播大楼里的日日夜夜给他留下了相当不爽的印象；另一方面，《动物庄园》及《1984》风格之流畅和表述之有力，在BBC的历练也功不可没。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">给奥威尔在BBC楼前立塑像，最初是已故议员本·维泰克（Ben Whitaker）的主意——奥威尔是他少年时代的英雄偶像，他的一个心愿就是让更多人了解奥威尔其人和他的文学成就。因此开始为铸像筹资。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">维泰克2014年去世后，他的遗孀接手这个项目，他们的养子理查德·布莱厄也全力支持。给名人塑像不难，繁琐的是找到安置塑像的公共场所并申请许可。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">BBC最终同意让奥威尔“回家”。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">BBC时政节目主持人安德鲁·马尔（Andrew Marr）：“奥威尔对真理的信念直截了当、坚不可摧、令人胆颤。他始终在自我批评，也始终在要求读者认真辨别真伪。在假新闻盛行的时代，现在真令人油然而升奥威尔时代之感。我认为他在敦促我们更勤力地去揭示，同时对批评持更开放的态度。”</p><h2>典型英国人</h2><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">奥威尔有一句话“……我最大的愿望就是把政治写作变成一种艺术”。</p><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/71F0/production/_98686192_1984_getty.jpg" datasrc="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/71F0/production/_98686192_1984_getty.jpg" alt="奥威尔作品" width="976" height="549" data-highest-encountered-width="624" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 616.203px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; display: block;" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">图片版权</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">GETTY IMAGES</span></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">《一九八四》和《动物庄园》是奥威尔的传世杰作</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">这一点他做到了。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">他政治上属于左翼自由派，正统的英国社会主义者，反对共产党，也反理论化。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">他还是英国的独立工党党员时就扬言“任何作家都不可能是某个政党的忠实党员”。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">奥威尔是个典型英国人，热爱乡村，痛恨社会不公，同情穷苦大众，直言不讳。但这种"英国范"不是上层精英式的，而属于英国传统中激进、变革的那一支。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">他的写作风格平实，生活俭朴，跟他笔下的普通民众浑然一体，更接近狄更斯和现在的后现实主义。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">他跟当时的“获取型社会”（相当于现在的“消费型社会”）现实格格不入，伊顿公学毕业，但蔑视建制权贵。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">这个“怪胎”1903年出生在印度，父亲在英国鸦片局任职。他3岁时随母亲到英国。他对自己家庭的定位是“中产上层的下层”，不无讥讽，意思是“没钱的中产上层”。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">他凭奖学金进入贵族学校伊顿公学，在那里开始显露反叛特性。他的同学大部分进了剑桥大学，但他选择去缅甸当警察 。在殖民地当警察，属于帝国公务员体制里的二等公民。</p><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/004B/production/_98657000_pa-33622338.jpg" datasrc="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/004B/production/_98657000_pa-33622338.jpg" alt="George Orwell statue" width="976" height="549" data-highest-encountered-width="624" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 616.203px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; display: block;" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">图片版权</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">PA</span></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">奥威尔1950年病故，享年46岁。</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">他在那里当了5年差，1927年辞职，部分原因是实在无法忍受英国人在缅甸的傲慢、狭隘和冷漠。这些经历和感受在他1935年出版的小说《缅甸岁月》中清晰可见。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">回到英国，奥威尔开始长达4年的流浪，辗转英国和欧洲大陆，在酒店餐厅洗碗、在码头当搬运工、在书店卖书，在学校当教师。他在伊顿公学形成的贵族口音和英国知识阶层身份使他在底层谋生也多磨难。这段经历加深了他对社会不公的切身体会，对权贵的憎恨。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">这些经历和感受在《巴黎与伦敦落魄记》（1933）书中有详细记录。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1927-1934年，他很可能称自己是个人主义者，了解社会主义者对阶级剥削的观点，但那时他还不认为自己是社会主义者。那要到1935年。</p><h2>落魄、磨难</h2><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1936年，反映下层工人生活状况的纪实文学《通往威根码头之路》（The Road to Wigan Pier）发表。在书的最后一章，他公开声明自己接受了社会主义信仰，同时对许多社会主义知识分子表达了轻蔑。那些人，他写道，对“苏维埃威力的迷思”和马克思主义意识形态走火入魔，以至于丧失了对自由的关怀传统，完全不了解劳动阶层的本质。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">那一年，西班牙内战爆发。奥威尔经独立工党安排，到西班牙加入了西班牙共产党领导的共和军，与佛朗哥政权作战。在受伤治疗期间，他经历了共产国际领导的国际纵队的残酷内部清洗。奥威尔夫妇被视为“托派分子”遭监控和追杀。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">这段经历坚定了他对斯大林式极权主义的憎恨、对“民主的社会主义”的信念。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">《向加泰罗尼亚致敬》（Homage to Catalonia，1938）是他对西班牙经历的回顾，也是他的成名作之一。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1939年第二次世界大战爆发。奥威尔脱离独立工党，反战立场逆转，毅然报名参军，试图从铺天盖地的民族主义大潮里拯救爱国主义。因为身患结核，参军不成，辗转到BBC任职两年，然后去《论坛报》当文学编辑。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1945年，他辞去《论坛报》编辑的职务，任职随军记者赴欧洲大陆，直到纳粹德国溃败。</p><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/8FF5/production/_98635863_orwell_sculptor_vincent_feature.jpg" datasrc="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/8FF5/production/_98635863_orwell_sculptor_vincent_feature.jpg" alt="雕塑艺术家马丁詹宁斯（Martin Jennings）" width="976" height="549" data-highest-encountered-width="624" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 616.203px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; display: block;" /></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">雕塑艺术家马丁詹宁斯（Martin Jennings）是奥威尔的崇拜者，他创作的这尊塑像基于自己对奥威尔的 理解。</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">战后出版的《动物庄园》（1945）和《一九八四》（1949）是奥威尔的杰作。他借这两部作品以荒诞、讽刺和强硬的方式发出警告：如果放任为了权力而追逐权力，结果就会像作品展示的那样。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1950年1月，奥威尔因肺结核不治，在伦敦大学附属医院去世。他生前希望看到从战后废墟中升起的“共和国”成为泡影，他所称的“真正的社会主义”连雏形都没见到，而他当时在报纸专栏上首创的概念词“冷战”和“欧洲合众国”已经证实十分有远见。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">冷战结束了，欧洲政经一体化则反反复复，现在又因为英国退出欧盟而处于重大转折点。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">据2007年9月4日英国国家档案馆解密资料，奥威尔曾被怀疑是共产主义分子，1929年起一直到1950年去世，都处于英国军情五处和伦敦警察厅特科的监视下。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">在他之后，许多作家和专栏作者尝试模仿他，但很少有成功的。 这主要因为在奥威尔的文字背后是一整套独特和奇异的经历，现在很少有人能够或者愿意去体验。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">但是，奥威尔的影响多年来只增不减。</p></div>