汶川地震十年系列—公民社会从爆发到沉寂的艰难之路

<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">BBC编者按：<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">5.12汶川地震灾区从来没有远离人们的视野——逝者坟冢前，树苗几经枯荣，震后新生的婴儿已长成学童，灾后重建的校舍和城镇拔地而起……但与肉眼能够感知的变化相比，对社会变迁和制度层面的变革的考量与讨论，也许更具历史价值与现实意义。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">2008年，彼时的中国在迎接北京奥运，世界在期待一个更加文明开放、能与国际社会更好对话合作的中国。志愿者、记者、救援人员、公民社会的组织机构、国际援助者和海外媒体，乃至全球华语地区都曾全力以赴关注这片被灾难侵袭的土地。自地震灾难降临那一刻起，众多遥远的“局外人”的人生，亦已改变。在他们的凝视和惦念中，十年已逝，他们在哪里？他们经历了什么？他们曾倾力关注的问题，在今日之中国，是否还有意义? 媒体人和社会活动人士试图寻找的众多真相可有答案？捐款和国际社会的援助可曾落到实处？一经唤醒便立刻达到最高点的中国公民社会建设，在“新时代”威权政治下，遭遇遏制、落至冰点亦或仍缓步前行？无数人当年的激情付出和十年持续不断的努力，是否换来了今天更好的社会运转机制？<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">汶川地震十年， BBC中文希望以更广阔的视角，更冷静的心态，退一步，写一组关于这些“局外人”的故事，回顾反思十年间的中国社会的变与不变。我们相信，在修复社会与人文精神建构的长路上，质疑、问责和反思才能激发出最好的进步力量，才是最具有普世精神的人类文明价值。<figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img alt="Presentational grey line" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/10301/production/_98950366_presentational_grey_line464-nc.jpg" width="464" height="2" data-highest-encountered-width="976" style="color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 976px; display: block;" /></figure><figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img alt="EARTHQUAKE" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/C10F/production/_101132494_31148223_1911851612193296_458458105_o.jpg" width="976" height="650" data-highest-encountered-width="976" style="color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 976px; display: block;" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">图片版权<span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">CHAN KIN MAN</figure><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">2008年5月底，时任香港中文大学“公民社会研究中心”主任陈健民，与一群香港志愿者同赴汶川地震重灾区，来到一个学校倒塌、儿童死伤严重的乡镇。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">幸存下来却痛失年幼子女的家长们，深陷绝望之中，瑟缩在临时帐篷之内。满手物资的志愿者们一时不知如何帮助他们。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">面对如此深重的苦难，这群具宗教背景的志愿者决定唱圣诗 ── 但唱宗教歌似乎是禁区，于是他们不唱原词，用“平安”两字唱完全首。圣诗中的温柔与关怀打动了灾民，一个个陆续走出帐篷。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">凝重悲怆的氛围有所消解。就在此时，现场的当地党委人士立即取过党旗，插在显眼处。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">“如果出问题，他们随时会把我们赶走，”陈健民说：“但一做出点效果，他们就出来‘插旗’claim credit（领功）。”<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">这一幕，是当时中国民间组织与政府之间关系的写照。<figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img alt="EARTHQUAKE" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/152C3/production/_101132768_30946332_1911851745526616_1300948082_o.jpg" width="976" height="549" data-highest-encountered-width="976" style="color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 976px; display: block;" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">图片版权<span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">CHAN KIN MAN</figure><figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img alt="EARTHQUAKE" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/72EF/production/_101132492_30920438_1911851815526609_431033636_o.jpg" width="976" height="549" data-highest-encountered-width="976" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 976px; display: block;" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">图片版权<span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">CHAN KIN MAN<figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption<span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">当地党委人士看到志愿者成功打动灾民，立即取过党旗，插在现场当眼处。</figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">据学者统计，当年有数以百计NGO、约100万名志愿者涌入四川。2008年也因此被称作中国的“公民社会元年”。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">汶川地震打开了一个前所未见的缺口，令一直“潜伏”的民间动能得以串连、汇聚，走入主流社会视线；然而到了今时今日，中国却已鲜有人再提起“公民社会”这个敏感词。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">这股因地震而喷发的民间动能，十年之间经历了怎样的曲折变化？<h2>付出换来空间</h2><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">地震后两周，社会学者陈健民获北京师范大学邀请参与专家团，进入地震灾区视察；所到之处满目疮痍，路况惊险，只有政府车辆才获放行。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">但陈健民惊讶地发现，一些草根非政府组织（NGO）已先期进入，在当地展开救援、派发物资。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">面对中共建政以来破坏力最强地震带来的严重后果，灾区的行政部门一时难以应对；与此同时，全国各地的草根NGO，以及热心的志愿者，纷纷穿州过省、涌入四川。<figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img alt="EARTHQUAKE" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/12F9B/production/_101132777_2.jpg" width="976" height="976" data-highest-encountered-width="976" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 976px; display: block;" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">图片版权<span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">OXFAM<figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption<span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">一些NGO亦察觉灾区女性的需要，在灾区派发女性用品。</figcaption></figure><figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img alt="EARTHQUAKE" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/E17B/production/_101132775_img_4770.jpg" width="976" height="700" data-highest-encountered-width="976" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 976px; display: block;" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">图片版权<span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">OXFAM<figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption<span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">在临时帐篷下继续让儿童接受教育。</figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">“政府没见过这么多民间团体突然结集，无既定政策，完全不知道如何处理。”陈健民说。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">时任香港红十字会高级国际及赈灾服务主任的林传芃也记得，5月进入灾区时，当地已有来自不同省市的义务“司机”，自告奋勇载救援者深入灾区：“他们一心为赈灾付出，行动力很强。”<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">志愿者短时间大量涌入，自驾车一度挤塞了主要道路，令救护车无法进入。一些志愿者不懂得体察灾民最迫切的需要，自作主张把衣服等物资送给灾民，结果一些援助物资成为需要清理的垃圾。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">草根NGO与志愿者们热心有余，知识、技巧、经验不足。林传芃说，但另一方面，红十字会、乐施会等境外NGO规范化的工作模式、标准，草根NGO们学习得很快，堪称“进步神速”。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">5.12地震对中国本土NGO而言，是一次实践理论、锻练的的好机会。<figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img alt="EARTHQUAKE" src="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/24CF/production/_101132490_3609b429-8bb8-43c8-b6d2-9a4ec2448efe.jpg" width="976" height="700" data-highest-encountered-width="976" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 976px; display: block;" /><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption<span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">林传芃说，为免震后与其他组织工作重迭，一般会先征询地方政府意见。（图片由受访者提供）</figcaption></figure><h2>NGO的价值</h2><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">2008年以前，中国各地，尤其北京、广州、云贵等地区，已有不少草根NGO冒起。 5.12震后，NGO深入多线工作，表现亮眼，令主流社会首次注意到在政府、商界以外，中国还有一股如此庞大的民间力量存在。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">政府救灾工作侧重“硬件”，未必能细致体察灾民的心理、生活需求，NGO的介入，能补足政府未能顾及的地区与服务，更能将中国民间的关注，有效转化成促成实际改变的力量。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">山东公益工作者寇延丁，选择了到川北被划为“极重灾区”青川展开服务。她记得，当时不同灾区的志愿者、物资分配极为不均：“有灾区一间幼儿园，一个孩子收到六个书包……离成都十小时（交通）的青川，孩子一个书包都没有。”<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">寇所在的机构服务青川百余名因震伤残青少年，支援孩子就学、治疗，也安排全国各地的有心人担任志愿者，与孩子们建立关系、照顾其心理需要。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">社会不缺反资源供给以及关注问题的个体，但未必有完善的官方渠道让他们参与到救助进程；在分配与协调上，NGO发挥重要作用。 “社会问题有‘无限需求’，（民间）关注也有‘无限供给’，”寇延丁说：“NGO正是将两者对接的平台。”<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">除了需求与供给的对接，组织之间的合作亦至为关键。 5.12灾情之巨，政府难以做到全面即时应对，救灾的迫切性辟出一片特殊的空间，令在中国高度敏感的“组织”一度被允许出现。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">震后12小时之内，由与官方关系良好的四川开明学者主导的“5.12民间救助服务中心”，以及逾40个草根NGO联合的“四川NGO救灾联合办公室”分别设立，集结不同的民间组织的力量，协调救援工作；据陈健民观察，这是中国民间首度出现的大型组织联盟。<figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img alt="EARTHQUAKE" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/B309/production/_101133854__dsc3247.jpg" width="976" height="549" data-highest-encountered-width="976" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 976px; display: block;" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">图片版权<span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">OXFAM<figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption<span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">有研究指，在大型灾害中，民间力量动员能力比官方还要快。</figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">“连结”（或曰“串连”）是中国政府当局的大忌，同时也是公民社会发展的根本。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">5.12地震后迸发出的民间力量，扩散至全国，影响深远，因此才有了“公民社会元年”的说法；往后数年，“公民社会”、“公益”、“NGO”等成为热词。境外基金会热切寻找本土NGO合作，由中国本地商家筹组的民间基金会亦急速冒起，既有空间、又有资源，民间力量得以长足发展，草根组织的意识亦越来越开放、进步，它们开始走向追求自主与赋权的方向。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">陈健民认为，后来NGO价值得以广泛倡导、传播，汶川经验是重要一环。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">“很多NGO在汶川实践的过程中，具体地感受到自己的服务受限，是与政策、法律环境有关，”陈健民解释：“他们看到了更宏观的问题，思维也从专注服务，慢慢转化为关注政策和法律。”<h2>反思政府控制</h2><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">在中国，“民间力量”随时处于当局的监视与控制当中，“发展”是一个与官方周旋、拉踞的过程。 NGO最重要的自主性与独立性，随着政治局势演变，不断在突破与妥协之间摇摆。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">在四川，从一开始“不知所措”的状态中稳定下来后，政府开始收回空间。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">根据清华大学学者邓国胜的研究，在震后一年之内，政府当局已接管大部份原由NGO设立的庇护设施与社区重建项目。<figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img alt="EARTHQUAKE" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/64E9/production/_101133852_178.jpg" width="976" height="600" data-highest-encountered-width="976" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 976px; display: block;" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">图片版权<span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">OXFAM<figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption<span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">灾民需要的除了物资，也需要心理辅导，这也许是NGO可提供的一部分。</figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">一些地方官员开始认为外来志愿者的存在是“搞局”。随着校舍倒塌问题演变成豆腐渣工程丑闻，有服务遇难儿童家长的志愿者，因掌握死亡学生名单等“敏感资料”，工作被中止。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">在青川进行因震致残儿童救助工作的寇延丁，就靠保持低调、与“敏感”人士划清距离来维持工作空间。 2009年，艺术家艾未未发起收集死难学生名单，了解青川灾情的寇延丁拒绝了网友的相关询问。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">2010年，一份中国教育部向中国高校发出的通知流出，当中批评深度参与512灾后工作的香港乐施会“与‘维权’组织合作…向内地渗透”等，要求高校防止该会招募大学生志愿者。乐施会向当局作出解释后，事件不了了之。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">在公民社会的理念中，NGO与权利倡导不可分割；但在中国的特殊环境之下，NGO必须小心翼翼地走在非政治化的钢丝上，在当局时松时紧的掌控中求存。<div style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; overflow-x: scroll; background-color: #ffffff;"><table style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 18px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; width: 976px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><tr style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">灾害</td><td style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">NGO参与度</td></tr><tr style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: baseline; background: #ededed;">2008 汶川地震</td><td style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: baseline; background: #ededed;">×××</td></tr><tr style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">2010 舟曲泥石流</td><td style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">×</td></tr><tr style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: baseline; background: #ededed;">2010 玉树地震</td><td style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: baseline; background: #ededed;">××</td></tr><tr style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">2011 盈江地震</td><td style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">×</td></tr><tr style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: baseline; background: #ededed;">2012 彝良地震</td><td style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: baseline; background: #ededed;">×</td></tr><tr style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">2013 芦山地震</td><td style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">×××</td></tr><tr style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: baseline; background: #ededed;">资料来源：卓明灾害信息服务中心</td><td style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: baseline; background: #ededed;">× – 10-30间；×× – 30-50间；××× – 多于50间</td></tr></tbody></table></div><h2>艰难中前行</h2><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">2012年中共十八大之后，中国民间社会中言论、新闻、网络空间持续收窄，承载着民间动能的NGO亦遭整顿。大批中国大陆NGO在2014香港雨伞运动期间，遭到打压，重要公益组织平台“益仁平”遭查抄，多人被当局带走，寇延丁是其中之一。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">2016年，瑞典人权活动人士彼得‧达林遭当局关押，被逼在央视镜头前认罪、道歉；同年《境外非政府组织（INGO）境内活动管理法》通过，针对境外基金会、NGO及慈善团体实施严格限制。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">种种迹象均显示，中国大陆的NGO生存空间正在不断缩减。但陈建民认为，情况并非如此简单直观。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">他指出，中国当局一方面严格限制境外组织活动，另一方面则鼓励政治上较“安全”的本土组织发展。目前，政府愿意购买服务、本地基金会亦愿意拨款，给予NGO的资源多了；专注服务、独立意识欠缺的组织不断扩展，但有公民参与意识的团体很难生存。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">在中国大陆经营多年的国际组织乐施会，目前仍在中国大陆展开不少工作。乐施会中国部总监廖洪涛说，虽然工作计划要调整、程序上要适应，但“境外NGO法”对该组织影响不大，乐施会不会放弃价值观，仍在推进赋权。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">廖洪涛认为，NGO始终强调独立、专业性，但需要与政府互动，而乐施会的目的不单是物质上的直接援助，而希望帮助中国本土的NGO提升能力。“让NGO得以持续发展，比直接服务更加重要。”<figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img alt="EARTHQUAKE" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/16C9/production/_101133850_communicatewiththesurvivor.jpg" width="976" height="700" data-highest-encountered-width="976" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 976px; display: block;" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">图片版权<span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">OXFAM<figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption<span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">廖洪涛说，乐施会的目的不单是物质上的直接援助，而希望帮助中国本土的NGO提升能力。</figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">5.12十年之后，“公民社会”在中国已成敏感词。但在限制重重的空间中，仍有全国性民间组织联盟在持续运作 ── 这也是5.12的遗产。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">近年多宗灾害中，较官方救援队更早到达灾区、装备甚至较解放军更佳的“联合救灾”平台，是承传自当年“四川NGO救灾联合办公室”的产物，由独立于官方的中国民间基金会支持，装备精良、工作更从救灾拓展至防灾、备灾。 2013年雅安芦山地震后，“联合救灾”成员配备帐篷进入灾区，解放军战士进入首日则要露天过夜。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">同样在芦山地震中出现的，还有一群青川残疾志愿者的身影。五年过去，寇延丁的组织救助的青川因震伤残青少年已经长成大人，自发地前往雅安协助灾民。<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">2015年2月中旬，寇延丁被关押128日后获释。她焦急地与NGO伙伴们联络，担心自己被捕一事影响到他们的工作。 “你知道我们青川的孩子们新年假期去哪了吗？”伙伴对她说：“他们自己组织起来，又回访雅安了呢。”<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; margin-right: 165.16px; margin-left: 165.16px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">“我们一直在努力推动的，就是自我组织能力。这才是‘公民社会’。”寇延丁说。