<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1944年1月,蘇軍追擊撤退的德軍進入波蘭。7月22日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">在蘇軍支持下波蘭民族解放委員會在波蘭東部城市盧布林</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">(Lublin)(Lublin)成立,1945年1月5日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭民族解放委員會轉為波蘭共和國臨時政府。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">在1945年2月4-11日雅爾塔會議上,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">丘吉爾和羅斯福同意斯大林的要求,將波蘭東部并入蘇聯,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">德國西部地區劃歸波蘭作為補償。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">會議還决定應有非共産黨人參加臨時政府,然後進行自由選舉;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭流亡政府總理米科萊奇克(Stanisław </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Mikołajczyk)辭去總理職務,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">他與他的流亡政府成員參加盧布林政府。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇軍控制着波蘭,迫害非共産黨組織成員,把政權交給了共産黨,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">共産黨人逐漸控制了波蘭軍隊、警察、經濟和大衆傳媒。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1947年1月19日,波蘭議會舉行戰後第一次選舉,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇聯支持的左派獲勝,444個席位中獲得382席。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">議會選舉波蘭工人黨政治局委員貝魯特(Boleslaw </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Bierut)為波蘭總統,社會黨人西倫凱維兹(Józef</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Cyrankiewicz)任政府總理,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭開始建立蘇式社會主義經濟政治制度,即社會主義國家。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1948年12月15日,波蘭社會黨(1892年成立)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">與波蘭工人黨(1942年成立)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">合并組成這個國家的執政黨波蘭統一工人黨,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">由貝魯特任中央委員會主席。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭工人黨的前身是1918年成立的波蘭共産黨,1938年,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">第三共産國際决定解散波蘭共産黨,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1942年共産黨員成立了波蘭工人黨。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1948年6月,南斯拉夫與蘇聯公開分裂,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭遵依莫斯科的指示開始清洗鎮壓“鐡托分子”和“間諜”。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1943年任工人黨總書記的哥穆爾卡(Wladyslaw </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Gomulka)在第二次世界大戰結束後提出走社會主義的“</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭道路”,口號是“愛國和獨立”,因有“民族主義傾向”,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1948年9月被免去工人黨總書記職務,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">由時任波蘭總統的貝魯特任工人黨總書記。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">哥穆爾卡1949年被免去政府副總理的職務,開除黨籍,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1951年被捕入獄,他的朋友和支持者也遭到清洗,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">有99名軍官受審,有19人被判死刑處死。1</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">哥穆爾卡1954年底獲釋。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1949年,應波蘭總統的貝魯特的請求,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇聯派波蘭裔蘇聯元帥羅科索夫斯基(К. К. Рокоссовский)任波蘭國防部長。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1952年,波蘭改國號為波蘭人民共和國,薩瓦茨基(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Aleksander Zawadzki)當選國務委員會主席,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">貝魯特被任命為部長會議主席。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">斯大林死後,1953年10月,波蘭黨三中全會提出“</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">迅速提高羣衆生活水平”的新口號,波蘭開始經濟改革。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">這是波蘭改革蘇聯模式啟蒙運動的開端。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇共二十大後貝魯特仍停留在莫斯科,3月12日突然宣佈他去世,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">整個波蘭為之震驚(人們懷疑蘇聯人謀殺了他)。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇聯對波蘭的局勢深感忧慮,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">赫魯曉夫以參加貝魯特葬禮為名來到華沙。3月16-20日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭黨召開六中全會,在赫魯曉夫推動下,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭黨内保守派的核心人物形成集團,全會選舉奥哈布(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Edward </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Ochab)任第一書記。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波兹南六月起義</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1956年,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭統一工人黨開會重新審視對1944年華沙起義的評價、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇聯在卡廷槍殺波蘭軍官、蘇聯在波蘭駐軍的合法性、蘇波闗係、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">斯大林和斯大林分子等問題。這些問題在波蘭其他政黨──</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">統一農民黨和民主黨内發酵,國内緊張形勢加劇。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">6月上旬,波蘭重要的工業城市波兹南(Poznan)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">斯大林機械综合制造厰工人要求减少征税和增加工資。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">地方當局表示可以考慮减少征税,但拒絶增加工資。6月23日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">工人派出27人代表團去華沙談判,26日夜返回波兹南,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">向工人説他們的一些要求已得到官方應允。27日早晨,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">機械工業部長來到工厰,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">在羣衆大會上收回工人代表團在華沙得到的允諾。2</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">6 月 28日早晨,斯大林機械综合制造厰的1萬多名工人罷工,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">向統一工人黨市委會游行,沿途不少羣衆加入游行隊伍,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">近中午時分,波兹南帝國城堡前的亞當•密茨凱維奇(Adam </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Mickiewicz)a 廣塲上示威游行者已有10萬之衆。示威者要求降低食品價格、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">增加工資和癈除不利於工人的法律。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">當地領導表示無權解决工人提出的問題,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">於是示威者要求波蘭總理西倫凱維兹前來對話。2</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">稍後,人羣中傳出談判代表成員被逮捕的消息,羣情譁然,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">民兵無法控制形勢。一部分羣衆衝擊廣塲東面的馬林斯卡大街監獄,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">人們認為他們的代表可能闗在這座監獄裏,釋放了257名囚犯──</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">政治犯和刑事犯,3</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">奪取監獄武器庫的武器,分發給示威者,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">他們衝進統一工人黨市委會搜查,示威者進入區法院和審判庭,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">把檔案扔到大街點火燒毁,上午11時,開始攻擊安全局(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">秘密警察局)大樓,大樓内還擊,有一人中彈受傷。暴動人羣高呼:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">“俄國佬滚回去!”</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">“反對蘇聯佔領!” “要面包,要自由!”“釋放教宗維辛斯基(Stefan Wyszyński)b !把我們的教宗給我們!”</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">“釋放政治犯!”“打倒秘密警察!”3</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">中午,波兹南衛戍部隊由機械化裝甲兵軍官學院派出16輛戰車、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">2輛裝甲運兵車和30輛軍車去保護幾幢大樓,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">但他們不僅未與起義者交火,反而向起義者示好。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">華沙得到波兹南事件的消息後,統一工人黨政治局决定出兵镇壓,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">下午2時,國防部副部長帕普拉夫斯基(Stanisław </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Popławski)到達波兹南,覺得難以指揮波兹南衛戍部隊,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">乃調集第二戰車集團軍的第4、5、10、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">19四個師10300名官兵、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">360輛戰車和内務安全部部隊先後進入波兹南,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">下令恢復市内秩序。2,3,4</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">示威者從幾個部門搶得武器,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">將波兹南附近幾個城市警察局的警察解除武裝。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">示威者者又從勞改營、波兹南工程大學軍事學院搶得武器,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">奮起抵抗。戰鬥一直繼續到次日29日凌晨4時,事件基本被平息,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">部隊開始抓人,共逮捕746人。這塲事件造成57人死亡,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">其中包括一個名叫羅枚克•斯特薩爾科夫斯基(Romek</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Strzałkowski)13嵗的男孩;另有500-</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">600人受傷。2,3</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">29日7:30,波蘭總理西倫凱維兹在波兹南電台發表廣播講話,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">稱這次事件是挑釁分子在帝國主義特務和暗藏的反動分子唆使下企圖</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">奪取人民政權的反革命事件,他説:“誰舉手反對人民政府,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">就砍斷誰的手。”</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">6月30 日,當局採取一些緩和矛盾的措施:原機械工業部部長被降職;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">向斯大林機械综合制造厰征收的税款將分期還給該厰工人;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">為事件中的受難者舉行安葬儀式等。騒動平息下去。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1956年8月4日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭統一工人黨撤消1949年11月對哥穆爾卡的處分,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">恢復黨籍。在波蘭統一工人黨召開八中全會的前一天,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">10月18日,赫魯曉夫電告波蘭,他和莫洛托夫、米高揚、Л.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">М. 卡岡諾維奇要參加全會,他們難以容忍波蘭人對蘇聯的挑釁。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭政治局收到赫魯曉夫的電報,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">迅即開會决定讓哥穆爾卡接替奥哈布的職務,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">讓哥穆爾卡以第一書記候選人的身份參加波共代表團同蘇共代表團會</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">談。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1956年10月19日清晨7時,赫魯曉夫、莫洛托夫、米高揚、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Л. М.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">卡岡諾維奇等人乘飛機到達華沙。赫魯曉夫一見羅科索夫斯基就説:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">“我們為這個國家流了許多血,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">現在他們要把這個國家出賣給美國人和猶太復國主義者,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">這絶對不行!”</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">“我們流的血比你們多。我們不會把國家出賣給任何人。”</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">“你是甚麽人?”赫魯曉夫問。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">“我是哥穆爾卡,就是被你們闗進監牢的那個哥穆爾卡。”</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">赫魯曉夫衝着其他波蘭人問:“他到這裏來幹甚麽?”</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">奥哈布把波蘭政治局昨天作出的决定向赫魯曉夫通報。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">赫魯曉夫提出要直接出席10時開始的波黨中央全會,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">但波蘭人的汽車却把他們送到了國賓館。4</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1956年10月19日,波黨八中全會在華沙召開,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">奥哈布主持中央委員會,在補選哥穆爾卡等四人為中央委員之後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">他提議讓哥穆爾卡任第一書記,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">並宣讀了哥穆爾卡所堅持的政治局組成名單。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">新名單没有羅科索夫斯基和保守派分子。下午,哥穆爾卡、奥哈布、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">西倫凱維兹、薩瓦茨基四人同俄國人會談。會談正緊張進行時,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">忽報駐波蘭蘇軍包圍了華沙,波蘭人拒絶在炮口下談判,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">宣佈他們將浴血抵抗。在波蘭人的堅决抗議下,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇聯終將包圍華沙的駐波部隊撤回駐地,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">並决定將擔任波蘭國防部長的蘇聯元帥羅科索夫斯基調回蘇聯。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">哥穆爾卡也保証不退出華沙條約。蘇共代表團得到解釋後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">相信波蘭不會有損害蘇聯和整個社會主義陣營的舉動,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">乃於20日返回莫斯科。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">10月20日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">哥穆爾卡在八中全會上再次重申了每個國家實現社會主義不同的發展</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">道路,指出波蘭擺脱目前經濟困難的闗键是:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">改革過分集中的政治經濟體制;確立工人自治、擴大人民會議權力;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">發展農民自治的經濟形式。10月21</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">日,全會選舉哥穆爾卡為黨的第一書記。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭統一工人黨八中全會,新改組的黨中央為波兹南事件平反,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">釋放被捕者。哥穆爾卡説:“</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">把痛心的波兹南悲劇説成是帝國主義特務挑起的,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">這種笨拙的企圖在政治上是非常幼稚的。”</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">哥穆爾卡認為,波兹南工人走上街頭“抗議反對的不是波蘭人民,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">他們抗議反對的是對社會主義基本原則的歪曲。”</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">團結工會的天鵝絨革命</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">哥穆爾卡的改革不徹底,十四年後,1970年末,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭再次發生經濟和政治危機,1970年12月13日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭部長會議宣佈調整商品價格,將肉和肉制品價格提高17%,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">面粉10%,食油33%;電視機、電冰箱、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">人造紡織品等商品降價8-40%。北方沿海城市格旦斯克(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Gdansk)、格登尼亞(Gdynia)、什切青(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Szczecin)等城市工人罷工,反對提高食品和日用品價格。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">當局害怕罷工浪潮擴展。12月17日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">當局出動5000名特警和27000士兵鎮壓示威羣衆,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">哥穆爾卡的堅定支持者國家二號人物克里斯兹科(Zenon </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Kliszko)下令士兵向罷工示威者開槍,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">造成1000多人受傷,至少42人死亡,有3000多人被捕,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">將罷工鎮壓下去。5</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">12月20日,波黨五届七中全會接受哥穆爾卡辭去第一書記職務,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">因為他對經濟危機和鎮壓罷工事件負有責任;全會决定蓋萊克(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Edward </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Gierek)繼任黨的第一書記。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">西倫凱維兹改任國務委員會主席,雅羅謝維奇(P. Jaroszewicz)任總理。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">12月,蓋萊克上台後推行向西方借貸和進口政策,實行“高速度、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">高積累、高消費”的三高政策。七十年代中期,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭出口收入的60% 用於償還債務利息。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1978年,波蘭人卡羅爾•華迪拉(Karol Wojtyla)被選為天主教教皇,即教皇約翰•保羅二世(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Ioannes Paulus PP.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">II)。1979年教皇訪問波蘭,數百萬人歡迎教皇,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">這增强了天主教信徒建立自己獨立於社會政治結構之外的組織意願。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭的社會文化價值觀也發生了巨大變化。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">七十年代末,政府各種補貼達到財政預算的40%,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">外債高達230億美圓。6</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">進入八十年代,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭政府為了擺脱經濟困境不得不採取凍結工資和部分商品提價的措</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">施。政府在1980年7月宣佈“議價商店”肉類價格提高40-</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">60%,引發了全國性大罷工。7月1日,華沙的拖拉機厰、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">冶煉厰以及格旦斯克的列寜造船厰都開始罷工。政府讓步,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">提高工人工資;但民衆不满情緒迅速擴展,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">8月14日格旦斯克造船厰停産,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">第二天罷工浪潮席卷格旦斯克和格登尼亞所有企業,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">304家企業成立厰際罷工委員會,提出《21項要求》:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1.有權成立獨立於波蘭統一工人黨的自由工會。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">2.有權罷工。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">3.保証言論自由,大衆傳媒對所有人開放。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">4.釋放所有政治犯,停止鎮壓工會活動分子。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">5.大衆傳媒公布罷工工人的要求。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">6.向居民開放經濟信息,吸收居民參加管理决策。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">7.罷工期間的工資照發。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">8.發給加班費。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">9.工資隨通貨膨脹相應增加。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">10.在本地需求未得到满足之前限制粮食出口。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">11.取消“不需購物証的高價商店”,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">闗閉為上層人物服務的外滙商店。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">12.工厰應由内行專業人員管理,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">與是否是波蘭統一工人黨黨員無闗,癈除警察局</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">和波蘭統一工人黨機闗的特權。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">13.在食品缺乏問題未解决之前,嚴格執行配給制度。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">14.降低退休年令。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">15.提高退休金。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">16.完善衛生保健服務,保証給所有人以優質的衛生保健服務。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">17.為工人的孩子增加托兒所。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">18.給婦女三年有薪法定假期。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">19.切實縮短住宅排號期限。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">20.給在離家遠處工作的人員發放乘車補助費。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">21.禁止星期六“義務勞動。”7</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">《21項要求》録音後,把録音磁带分發到波蘭其它工厰。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">8月31日,政府讓步,接受工人的所有要求,簽訂8月協議,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">獨立的“團結工會”(Solidarność)成立。9月,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭統一工人黨的八届六中全會解除蓋萊克第一書記的職務,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">由卡尼亞</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">(Stanislaw Kania)繼任第一書記。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1980年11月團結工會在波蘭最高法院註册,領導人為瓦文薩(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Lech </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Wałęsa)。瓦文薩出身於一個有貴族血統的農民家庭,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1961年畢業於農業機械化學校,1963-</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1965年在波蘭軍隊服役,曾是格旦斯克造船厰電機工程師。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">團結工會會員很快發展到900-1000萬人,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">當時波蘭人口是3500萬。8</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">民主黨和農民統一黨開始拒絶服從波蘭統一工人黨,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">而與團結工會聯合,形成反對派。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1981年10月18日,統一工人黨的九届四中全會上,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">卡尼亞辭職,鍳於形勢復雜,由雅魯澤爾斯基(Wojciech </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Jaruzelski)將軍出任黨中央第一書記,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">仍保留其政府總理和國防部長職務。11月28日發生大罷工,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">12月13日波蘭宣佈進入戰時狀態,實行軍事管制,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">團結工會被取締,逮捕6647名罷工積極參加者,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">並由軍事法庭判處不同刑期的監禁。瓦文薩被拘留後判處監視居住,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">在家軟禁。8</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1982年1月,北大西洋公約組織召開外長會議,以“</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭政府大規模侵犯人權和壓制公民的基本自由權利”</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">為由通過對波蘭政府實行經濟制裁的决議,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">呼籲波蘭政府取消軍事管制,恢復與團結工會對話。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">它們取消了向波蘭出口食品的優惠價格,停止了對波蘭貸款的保証,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">中斷了有闗波蘭欠西方國家到期債務延期償還的談判。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">這些制裁措施給波蘭國民經濟造成很大損失,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1982年到1983年6月,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">一年半的時間内波蘭遭受的經濟損失就約達208億美圓。9</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭國内最廣泛的反抗形式是抵制官方法規,尤其是抵制電視。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">反對派的知識分子拒絶與政府合作。1982年4月22日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">成立了地下團結工會臨時協調委員會,7月,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">團結工會協調局在比利時首都布魯塞爾成立。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">此外還有幾十個地下組織。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭政府在國内外的壓力下决定與團結工會妥協,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1982年11月12日,雅魯澤爾斯基會見瓦文薩,瓦文薩獲釋。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1983年7月22日,雅魯澤爾斯基宣佈解除戰時狀態,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">同時宣佈大赦,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">釋放了被拘押的團結工會的活動分子及其他反對派分子。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">瓦文薩獲得1983年度諾貝爾和平獎。反對派在1982-</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1985年發行地下出版報刊雜誌1700份,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">圖書和小册子5000-6000種。8</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1986年9月17日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭政府釋放了所有在押的225名政治犯,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭成為惟一没有政治犯的社會主義國家。7</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭啟動自由市塲經濟改革。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭統一工人黨的上層推動經濟自由化。9月29日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">瓦文薩成立團結工會臨時委員會,雖是非法組織,却公開活動。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1987年,各反對派走出地下半合法化,10月,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">成立全波蘭統一的團結工會。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1987年,波蘭政府開啟第二階段經濟改革,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">為了平衡國内市塲和國家預算,决定提高價格,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">過去已不止一次提高物價。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1988年2月,梅斯内爾(Zbigniew Messner)政府將零售價格提高36%</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">。4-5月和8月,許多企業的團結工會組織大罷工抗議物價上漲,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">9月,梅斯内爾政府被迫辭職,由M. F. 拉科夫斯基(M. F. </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Rakowski)出任政府總理。M. F.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">拉科夫斯基政府試圖使經濟自由化,採用國際貨幣基金會“</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">穏定綱領”的標準措施──私有化、放棄中央計劃經濟、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">價格自由化、私人企業家和外國資本家自由投資和外滙流通合法化,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">力圖穏定經濟。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">為了穏定局勢,1988年8月26日,内政部長基什恰克(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Czeslaw </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Kiszczak)提出建議,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">希望以波蘭統一工人黨為首的執政集團與反對派舉行圓桌會議。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">8月31日,基什恰克與瓦文薩在政府别墅會談,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">這是1981年12月13日以後政府和反對派第一次會談。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">9月16日,召開有更多人士參加的會議,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">參加會議的有波蘭統一工人黨、團結工會、官方工會、統一農民黨、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">民主黨和天主教的代表。官方工會主席米朶維奇(Alfred</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Midowicz)要求和瓦文薩電視辯論,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">辯論於11月30日進行,瓦文薩獲勝。12月,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭團結工會成立一個由135人組成的公民委員會,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">準備參加圓桌會議,瓦文薩號召民衆“團結一致反對共産主義”。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1988年12月,波蘭統一工人黨召開十届十中全會,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">討論參加圓桌會議問題及政治多元化和工會多元化問題。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">國務委員會主席雅魯澤爾斯基、M. F.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">拉科夫斯基、基什恰克和國防部長西維茨基(Florian </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Swicki)在會上威脅説:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">如果黨不同意和反對派談判政治改革,他們將辭職。在“四人决定”</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">的威脅下,全會以大多數票批准政治改革,與反對派舉行圓桌會議,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">以求建立一個廣泛的聯盟使國家走出危機。此後M.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">F. 拉科夫斯基政府同意在憲法框架内恢復團結工會活動。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1989年1月27日,反對派同意談判。1989年 2月</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">6日召開圓桌會議,各方意見達成一致後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">於1989年4月5日簽署圓桌會議協議,4月7日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭議會通過憲法修正案,决定選舉議會,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">原議會應於1989年6月3日自動解散。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">憲法修正案恢復了多黨制,建立兩院制國會,實行議會民主,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">設總統職位。4月17日,團結工會活動合法化。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">根據圓桌會議的决定,波蘭的衆議院的460個席位中的65%</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">即299個席位分配給波蘭統一黨、農民統一黨、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">民主黨和其他三個親政府的基督教組織。衆議院其餘35%</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">席位即161個席位由直接自由選舉産生。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">上議院即參議院由100人組成,全部由直接選舉産生;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">總統由參議院和衆議院選舉産生。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">6月4日選舉,波蘭統一工人黨大敗,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">在分配的299個席位中僅得5席,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">參議院的100席位中一席未得。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">團結工會拿下衆議院161個選舉産生的席位中的160席,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">參議院的100個席位中的92席,大獲全勝。10</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1989年7月19日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">召開衆議院和參議院共同組成的國民大會選舉總統。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">因圓桌會議已有默契,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">由波蘭統一工人黨第一書記雅魯澤爾斯基擔任總統,儘管如此,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">雅魯澤爾斯基僅以比有效選票的半數多一票當選總統。8月2日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">雅魯澤爾斯基建議由内政部長基什恰克出任總理組閣,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">反對派不同意,認為總統和總理不能都由兩個將軍出任。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">8月21日,雅魯澤爾斯基讓步,提名瓦文薩的顧問馬左維茨基(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Tadeusz </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Mazowiecki)出任政府總理,8月24日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭議會以壓倒多數票(378票贊成,4票反對,41票棄權)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">通過任命馬左維茨基為政府總理,團結工會的目的達到了:“</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">你們的總統,我們的總理”。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1989年8月,團結工會代表團訪問意大利,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">瓦文薩對記者公開宣佈:“我願看到共産主義在波蘭的死亡”。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1989年12月29日,波蘭議會通過憲法修正案,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">其第一條把波蘭確定為“實行社會公正原則的民主法制國家”,“</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">共和國的最高權力屬於國民”,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">取消了憲法中闗於波蘭是社會主義國家和波蘭統一工人黨是國家的政</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">治領導力量等條款;把波蘭人民共和國改名為波蘭共和國。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭統一工人黨在大選中慘敗,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1990年1月27至29日舉行第十一次即最後一次代表大會,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">第一書記M. F.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">拉科夫斯基在政治報告中認為:“</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">必須承認波蘭統一工人黨未能應付時代的挑戰,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">因此不得不宣告失敗”。大會通過决議,解散波蘭統一工人黨。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">一部份人成立波蘭共和國社會民主黨;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">另一部份人成立波蘭社會民主聯盟。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1990年8月,波蘭中間派發表文告:“</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">雅魯澤爾斯基總統是共産主義殘餘的象征,他必須辭職”。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">雅魯澤爾斯基致函議會,願意縮短任期。瓦文薩宣佈參加總統競選。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">議會决定11月25日選舉總統。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">第一輪選舉中無一候選人得票率超過半數,經第二輪選舉,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">瓦文薩以74.7%</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">的選票當選,1990年12月22日就任總統。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">雅魯澤爾斯基退休,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">原波蘭統一工人黨即波蘭共産黨已無人在波蘭政府任職,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭進入共和國時代。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">2006年6月21日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭議會宣佈6月28日為波蘭國家紀念日──</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1956年波兹南6月起義紀念日</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭由於生産發展,技術進步,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">從勞動者中形成了新的知識分子羣體,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">五十年代波蘭的知識分子70%</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">以上出身於工農家庭,正因為有了衆多的知識分子,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭才第一個在東歐“擺脱社會主義”。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">波蘭擺脱社會主義的經驗揭示了東歐國家“天鵝絨革命”</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">這一普遍邏輯和變革模式。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">所謂天鵝絨革命是指在推進社會變革時不放一槍一炮,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">不破壞一幢建築物,不打碎一塊玻璃而實現和平革命。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">______________________________</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">__________________</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">aa亞當•密茨凱維奇(Adam Mickiewicz,1798-1855)波蘭浪漫派大詩人。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">b 維辛斯基(Stefan Wyszyński,1901-1981),</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1948年為天主教波蘭教區大主教,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">因抵制共産主義,1953年被判監視居住,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1956年10月26日獲釋。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">參考文獻與網上檢索詞語</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1.Ходос. Сфабрикованные процессы/ глава 11 Польский путь к</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Сфабрикованныые процессам;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><a href="http://www.kulichki.com/moshkow/POLITOLOG/HODOS/processy.txt" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://www.kulichki.com/moshkow/POLITOLOG/HODOS/processy.txt&source=gmail&ust=1466310167798000&usg=AFQjCNH5EMO84tpIaPvom1_XbqETe_TjEQ" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.kulichki.com/</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">moshkow/POLITOLOG/HODOS/</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">processy.txt</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">2.Poznań 1956 protests:</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_1956_protests" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%25C5%2584_1956_protests&source=gmail&ust=1466310167798000&usg=AFQjCNF4DL1vYKP0emldUC4_THUinhe02A" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://en.wikipedia.</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_1956_</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">protests</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">3.Zbigniew Marcin Kowalewski:50 years since the Poznan uprising ,IV Online</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">magazine, IV379 – June 2006 (IV-International Viewpoint):</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><a href="http://www.internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article1078" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://www.internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article1078&source=gmail&ust=1466310167798000&usg=AFQjCNEbLhDtu7cXa3nQJ4oStn1JW3WNJw" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">internationalviewpoint.org/</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">spip.php?article1078</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">4.a-波兹南事件;</span><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/273136.htm" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://baike.baidu.com/view/273136.htm&source=gmail&ust=1466310167799000&usg=AFQjCNGJapMGgjE2c1OClDcH4Gm7ut9VuA" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://baike.baidu.</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">com/view/273136.htm</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">b-李青:波兹南事件前後的波蘭,《蘇聯東歐問題》</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1981年第3期 歷史資料</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">5.Polish 1970 protests;</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_1970_protests" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_1970_protests&source=gmail&ust=1466310167799000&usg=AFQjCNGc4mux6nHczcrTQugSzZ_fRhQNRw" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://en.wikipedia.</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">org/wiki/Polish_1970_protests</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">6.History of Poland (1945–1989);</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%25E2%2580%25931989)&source=gmail&ust=1466310167799000&usg=AFQjCNHy19K2I8wk7EWz8XaCx4nfX03EjQ" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">931989)</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">7.21 demands of MKS;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><a href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/21_demands_of_MKS" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/21_demands_of_MKS&source=gmail&ust=1466310167799000&usg=AFQjCNGX1TEh2BnEA6-BH83o_w6ZQ54dUA" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.absoluteastronomy.</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">com/topics/21_demands_of_MKS</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">8.С.Кара-Мурза, С.Телегин, А. Александров, М. Мурашкин:Экспорт</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">революции/Глава 7. Революция «Солидарности» в Польше;</span><a href="http://www.kara-/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://www.kara-&source=gmail&ust=1466310167799000&usg=AFQjCNF2cFm2rV8rY4UipFmBnSgsff8yvA" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.kara-</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><a href="http://murza.ru/books/export/index.htm" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://murza.ru/books/export/index.htm&source=gmail&ust=1466310167799000&usg=AFQjCNGtmOWjHoyuOhEhcFV2-WBiXYd3qw" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">murza.ru/books/export/index.</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">htm</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">9.丁維陵 李東雨 趙連章 《蘇聯東歐劇變啟示録》,吉林人民出版社,1992年</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">頁9-10</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">10.Николай Бухарин:Внутренние факторы польской революции 1989 г</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><a href="http://historical-club.org.ua/vsesvitnya-istoriya/istoriya-polshhi/262-vnutrennie-" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://historical-club.org.ua/vsesvitnya-istoriya/istoriya-polshhi/262-vnutrennie-&source=gmail&ust=1466310167799000&usg=AFQjCNGj7rmcgTuAr-feMWNbZ5uu441tJA" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://historical-club.org.ua/</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">vsesvitnya-istoriya/istoriya-</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">polshhi/262-vnutrennie-</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">faktory-polskoj-revolyucii-</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1989-g.html</span>